Water-soluble superparamagnetic dysprosium-doped iron oxide flowerlike nanoclusters for high-resolution MR imaging

Rare‐Earth Doped Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Cancer Theranostics: Magnetic Hyperthermia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

“…For Dy 3+ doped iron oxide nanostructures, both increment and decrement in M S at 300 K have been reported.. [62,[98][99][100]169,170] However, for Dy 3+ doped iron oxide flower-like nanoclusters, a consistent rise in M S from 40 to 80 emu g -1 was observed when the doping of Dy 3+ was increased from 2.7 to 7 mol%, [62] which bears testimony to the fact that shape anisotropy may play a critical role in enhancing the magnetization (Figure 5F). It is strongly believed that due to the relatively large exchange 3d-4f interaction of RE elements, the incorporation of RE ions into iron oxide nanostructures could enhance the spin-orbit coupling, thus reducing the disordering of the nanoparticles, leading to relatively higher saturation magnetization.…”

“…As the Gd dopant concentration increased from x = 0 to x = 0.25, in CoFe 2-x Gd x O 4 , the magnitude of M S dropped by almost 30% [32] B) Gd 0.02 Fe 2.98 O 4 nanoparticles (less than 1 mol% doping); [42] C) Ce doped Fe 3 O 4 (Ce x Fe 3-x O 4 ) at different doping levels from x = 0.01 to x = 0.5 (≈0.3 mol% to ≈16 mol% doping); [80] D) Yb 3+ & Er 3+ codoped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle samples (YE), for several doping concentrations, expressed as Y0E0M (0-0 mol%), Y1E1M (1-1 mol%), Y10E1M (10-1 mol%),Y20E1M (20-1 mol%), Y50E1M (50-1 mol%); [105] E) Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as a function of Y 3+ doping percentage, namely 0 mol% Y 3+ (W1), 0.1 mol% Y 3+ (Y1), 1 mol% Y 3+ (Y2) and 10 mol% Y 3+ (Y3); [70] F) Dy 3+ doped Fe 3 O 4 flower-like nanoclusters, at doping levels of ≈2.7 mol% to ≈7 mol%. [62] Reproduced with permission. [32] Copyright 2017, John Wiley & Sons; Reproduced with permission.…”

“…[42] Copyright 2007, Royal Society of Chemistry; Reproduced with permission. [62] Copyright 2020, Elsevier; Reproduced with permission. [70] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; Reproduced with permission.…”

“…[59][60][61] Therefore, these doped magnetic systems and their applications in hyperthermia and imaging have received increasing attention in recent years as they have the potential to result in effective thermotherapy for cancer and to replace the toxic and commercial Gd based contrast agents. [35,62,63] Even though there have been a lot of reports on RE doped iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging and hyperthermia applications, there is no such specific review available till date covering this particular research field, except for those reviews dedicated only to Fe 3 O 4 . [64][65][66][67] As the research on this topic is quite significant and is rapidly progressing, a comprehensive review is needed to fill the knowledge gap and significantly advance the research on RE doped magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging and hyperthermia applications.…”

“…Magnetization (M) versus applied magnetic field (H) plots for RE doped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. M is expressed in emu g -1 or Am 2 Kg -1 and H in kOe, Oe or T where 1 emu g -1 = 1 A m 2 Kg -1 and 10 4 G = 10 4 Oe = 1 T. M-H plots at 300 K RT -1 for A) Fe 3 O 4 (IO), 1 Gd at% doped Fe 3 O 4 (1 GdFO), 2.5 Gd at% doped Fe 3 O 4 (2.5 GdFO) and 5 Gd at% doped Fe 3 O 4 (5GdFO) nanoparticles;[32] B) Gd 0.02 Fe 2.98 O 4 nanoparticles (less than 1 mol% doping);[42] C) Ce doped Fe 3 O 4 (Ce x Fe 3-x O 4 ) at different doping levels from x = 0.01 to x = 0.5 (≈0.3 mol% to ≈16 mol% doping);[80] D) Yb 3+ & Er 3+ codoped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle samples (YE), for several doping concentrations, expressed as Y0E0M (0-0 mol%), Y1E1M (1-1 mol%), Y10E1M (10-1 mol%),Y20E1M (20-1 mol%), Y50E1M (50-1 mol%);[105] E) Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as a function of Y 3+ doping percentage, namely 0 mol% Y 3+ (W1), 0.1 mol% Y 3+ (Y1), 1 mol% Y 3+ (Y2) and 10 mol% Y 3+ (Y3);[70] F) Dy 3+ doped Fe 3 O 4 flower-like nanoclusters, at doping levels of ≈2.7 mol% to ≈7 mol% [62]. Reproduced with permission [32].…”