Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Strunz, Eric; Addiss, David G.; Stocks, Meredith; Ogden, Stephanie; Utzinger, Jürg; Freeman, Matthew C.

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620

Cited by 597 publications

(557 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…The findings are supported by previous reviews, which have reported lower prevalence of diarrhea, helminth infections, and trachoma due to improved water access (Esrey et al, 1991;Fewtrell and Colford, 2005;Strunz et al, 2014). Continuous supply, water quality, and storage emerged as mediating factors for health benefits of piped on-plot water, consistent with recent review findings (Wolf et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…Increased durations among children of less educated mothers, in turn, may result from such women being less aware of the importance of improved hygiene practices in limiting infection exposure (Wani SA et al, 2007). For A. lumbricoides, the increased infection durations in households with no indoor bathrooms is consistent with reports that poor sanitation facilities increases the risk of A. lumbricoides infections (Strunz EC et al, 2014;Ziegelbauer K et al, 2012). Finally, the association of reduced water access and dirt flooring with increased E. intestinalis trophozoite and fecal cyst counts (Langford TD et al, 2002;Venkatesan et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Household and personal factors are sources of heterogenity in intestinal parasite clearance among Mexican children 6–15 months of age supplemented with vitamin A and zinc

Srinivasan¹,

Lawa

Rosado

et al. 2016

Acta Tropica

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Z., Household and personal factors are sources of heterogenity in intestinal parasite clearance among Mexican children 6ndash15 months of age supplemented with vitamin A and zinc.Acta Tropica http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Household Graphical Abstract Highlights Gut parasite clearance heterogeneity evaluated among supplemented children. 76  Vitamin A-zinc effects on Giardia or Ascaris clearance lower with no piped water access. 88 Zinc efficacy on E. histolytica clearance greater when mothers< 6 years of education. 85  Clearance heterogeneity is due to exposure risk differences and baseline immune responses. 90 ABSTRACT A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out among Mexico children aged 6-15 months to determine how household characteristics modify vitamin A and zinc supplementation efficacy on Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar infection durations. Children assigned to receive vitamin A every 2 months, a daily zinc supplement, a combined vitamin A-zinc supplement or a placebo were followed for 1 year. Parametric hazard models were fit to infection durations stratified by personal and household factors. Children supplemented with vitamin A and zinc combined from households lacking piped water and children in all three treatment arms from households with dirt floors had longer G. intestinalis and A. lumbricoides infection durations than their counterparts, respectively. Shorter E. histolytica/E.dispar durations were found among zinc-supplemented children of mothers who had < 6 years of education and no indoor bathrooms. Heterogeneity in supplementation efficacy among children may reflect differences in exposure risk and baseline immune responses.

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“…There were other factors that caused the helminthes infection such as social-economy, sanitary, mother's level of education, the condition of floor in houses, and many others. 6,[10][11][12][13][14] In this study, it has been discovered that in socialeconomy aspect, which was measured through income, 58 (42.3%) out of 137 subjects have income above the average regional payment (Upah Minimum Regional/ UMR) of Sumedang as 1.735.470 rupiahs. From the educational aspect of the mother, 49 (35.8%) and 46 (33.6%) subjects were graduated from junior high school and senior high school.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Mothers’ Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice and Intestinal Helminthes Infection on Children

Hakiki¹,

Faridah²,

Dhamayanti³

2016

amj

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Background: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthes infection in Indonesia is still high, especially in children aged 3 to 8 years old. Helminthes infection cause loss of nutrition, delay physical development, intelligence, and labor productivity and decrease immunity. Mothers' characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice are some of the factors that influence the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. This study was aimed to find the association between mothers' characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice and the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. Methods: The study was conducted at Jatinangor Cohort's research center from August to September 2014 using cross sectional analysis. One hundred and forty five secondary data were collected using validated questionnaire that filled by mothers and results of feces on children were tested. The amount of data excluded due to incomplete was 8, the data utilized was then analyzed by Chi Square evaluation.

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Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract: In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eric Strunz and colleagues examine whether improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are associated with reduced risk of infections with soil-transmitted helminths. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Cited by 597 publications

References 125 publications

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Household and personal factors are sources of heterogenity in intestinal parasite clearance among Mexican children 6–15 months of age supplemented with vitamin A and zinc

Association between Mothers’ Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice and Intestinal Helminthes Infection on Children

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