Household and personal factors are sources of heterogenity in intestinal parasite clearance among Mexican children 6–15 months of age supplemented with vitamin A and zinc

Abstract

Z., Household and personal factors are sources of heterogenity in intestinal parasite clearance among Mexican children 6ndash15 months of age supplemented with vitamin A and zinc.Acta Tropica http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Household Graphical Abstract Highlights Gut parasite clearance heterogeneity evaluated among supplemented children. 76  Vitamin A-zinc effects on Giardia or Ascaris clearance lower with no piped water access. 88 Zinc efficacy on E. histolytica clearance greater when mothers< 6 years of education. 85  Clearance heterogeneity is due to exposure risk differences and baseline immune responses. 90 ABSTRACT A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out among Mexico children aged 6-15 months to determine how household characteristics modify vitamin A and zinc supplementation efficacy on Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar infection durations. Children assigned to receive vitamin A every 2 months, a daily zinc supplement, a combined vitamin A-zinc supplement or a placebo were followed for 1 year. Parametric hazard models were fit to infection durations stratified by personal and household factors. Children supplemented with vitamin A and zinc combined from households lacking piped water and children in all three treatment arms from households with dirt floors had longer G. intestinalis and A. lumbricoides infection durations than their counterparts, respectively. Shorter E. histolytica/E.dispar durations were found among zinc-supplemented children of mothers who had < 6 years of education and no indoor bathrooms. Heterogeneity in supplementation efficacy among children may reflect differences in exposure risk and baseline immune responses.

Socioenvironmental conditions and intestinal parasitic infections in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study

“…Srinivasan et al . 2 found an association between infection and lack of access to piped water. This was not seen in the CM because even with piped canalized water, like in similar studies, connections were generally clandestine, presenting leakages and no inspection of installation or maintenance 21 , 34 .…”

“…In this study, the major areas (MA) differed significantly in terms of poverty and IPIs; however, the specific levels of poverty measured were not directly associated with IPIs in these communities where the overall conditions of poverty are pervasive. Poverty was associated with children, who are the target population of many studies regarding IPIs 2 , 28 . The method of determining poverty levels was limited due to its reliance solely on the income; however, even with this limitation and the heterogeneity of the communities, 22.6% of the total population was identified as living in poverty, highlighting the extremely high levels of poverty in this region.…”

“…Similar socioeconomic surveys have been recently used by Srinivasan et al . 2 , Sandoval et al . 13 , and Casavechia et al .…”

“…Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are neglected diseases caused by helminths or protozoa affecting more than two billion people, or about one in four people 1 . Although they present a wide geographical distribution, presence, duration and intensity of these infections are influenced by environmental, household, nutritional and other characteristics linked to poverty 2 , 3 . IPIs are associated with a disability-adjusted life year (DALY) loss of 560,840 in the Americas and 5,266,000 globally 4 .…”

Metagenomic analysis reveals distinct changes in the gut microbiome of obese Chinese children

“…Sichuan province is in the subtropical zone with a humid climate and the Greater Mexico City is in the tropical zone, which might account for the occurrence of Trichuris trichiura . There was more Trichuris trichiura in the guts of obese Mexican children, which might be due to poor sanitation and lack of clean water in some households [ 32 , 33 ]. Changes in the gut microbiome might also be related to the eating habits of obese children.…”