Water Reuse (WR): The Ultimate and Vital Solution for Water Supply Issues

2020

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During the last three decades, the electrocoagulation (EC) process has known an exemplary renaissance in the field of water and wastewater treatment. Several researchers focused on applying this electrochemical technology in removing diverse pollutants such as pathogens. During EC method, the coagulant is furnished via solubilizing sacrificial electrodes upon an applied electric field. The easiness of the technology and the side phenomena involving the generation of gas bubbles are the major advantages. This work discusses briefly the main achievements and mechanisms in employing EC in disinfecting water. In the EC process, the microbes may be demobilized thanks to the direct adsorption on the surface of the anode pursued by electron transfer, and physical elimination through floating pathogens with formed hydrogen gas and/or precipitating with the produced flocs. Integrating EC with free radical assisted processes (e.g., electrooxidation), magnetic field and/or ultrasonic field remains an encouraging method to promote its implantation at full scale. Membrane processes should be considered as safe barriers towards disinfection by-products and hydroxyl radicals.

Section: Ec Next Tendenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocoagulation Process in the Context of Disinfection Mechanism

Ghernaout¹,

2020

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“…In tertiary treated wastewater [35]- [41], big-scale ferrate disinfection has been mentioned to together eliminate total organic carbon (TOC) and pathogens from water ( Figure 3) [9] [42]. A configuration was suggested to support coagulation besides the oxidation reaction thanks to its reduction potential, as illustrated in Equations (3) and (4) [42]: Figure 3(a) illustrates the findings acquired for TOC elimination employing Fe(VI) contrasted with employing hypochlorite as a traditional oxidizer.…”

Section: Employing Ferrate As Disinfectantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection Using Ferrate(VI)

Ghernaout¹,

2019

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Disinfection, chemical oxidation, and coagulation are key methods in water treatment. A chemical that may be used for all these targets is ferrate(VI). This work tries to bring some light into mechanisms implied throughout killing microbes using ferrate(VI). In acidic pH, the oxidation and reduction capacity of ferrate(VI) is superior to all currently utilized oxidizers and disinfectants in water and wastewater treatment. The technology of using ferrate(VI) for coagulation, chemical oxidation and disinfection of water and wastewater in a reactor simultaneously, can reduce the size of water and wastewater treatment plants and increase the treatment efficiency. Ferrate(VI) allows a novel emergency water treatment design for disaster-affected populations through the repercussions of natural disasters, through the concurrent and efficient elimination of microbial and chemical pollutants. The ferrates' elevated performance and utilization as a green element for water treatment propose that these techniques remain greatly convenient for usage as pre-or post-treatment in traditional wastewater plants. It seems that there is no big difference in terms of ferrate's action on pathogens with other chemical disinfectants. However, ferrate was found to be requiring lower needed doses as compared with other chemicals. More researches on disinfection by-products formation following ferrate injection as a disinfectant are required. Finally, ferrate(VI) deserves more attention to be used more largely through worldwide wastewater treatment plants.

“…Contaminants in urban wastewater (households and small industries) are eliminated or decomposed [7] [8]. Treating wastewater is a portion of the overarching domain of sanitation [9] [10] [11]. Moreover, sanitation comprises the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water

Ghernaout¹,

2019

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With a growing population and expansion, societies worldwide brave lack water for drinking supply. Undeveloped sources of water should be specified to diminish such issues. Direct potable reuse is a supply-side procedure that can enhance the sustainability and reliability of water supplies via recuperating potable water from wastewater. This work assesses the perspective of upgrading the wastewater treatment plants to obtain potable water. Treating wastewater at the highest level of purity to guarantee the drinking water supply is the best approach to avoid the pollution expansion from wastewater even if it is partially treated to minimize its toxic impacts and provide water for irrigation and industrial use purposes. Treating wastewater at present in the actual wastewater treatment plants should be urgently upgraded to provide potable water through adding processes steps such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption on activated carbon. Evidently, there is an additional cost for these sophisticated techniques to pay for the better future of the humankind. Finally, from the authors' point of view, treating wastewater must be continuously improved by using more and more developed techniques and consuming directly treated wastewater as potable water must be only considered as the final issue in the case of hard shortage situations for security reasons.