Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water

Abstract

With a growing population and expansion, societies worldwide brave lack water for drinking supply. Undeveloped sources of water should be specified to diminish such issues. Direct potable reuse is a supply-side procedure that can enhance the sustainability and reliability of water supplies via recuperating potable water from wastewater. This work assesses the perspective of upgrading the wastewater treatment plants to obtain potable water. Treating wastewater at the highest level of purity to guarantee the drinking water supply is the best approach to avoid the pollution expansion from wastewater even if it is partially treated to minimize its toxic impacts and provide water for irrigation and industrial use purposes. Treating wastewater at present in the actual wastewater treatment plants should be urgently upgraded to provide potable water through adding processes steps such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption on activated carbon. Evidently, there is an additional cost for these sophisticated techniques to pay for the better future of the humankind. Finally, from the authors' point of view, treating wastewater must be continuously improved by using more and more developed techniques and consuming directly treated wastewater as potable water must be only considered as the final issue in the case of hard shortage situations for security reasons.

Electrocoagulation Process in the Context of Disinfection Mechanism

“…The superior performance of ferrate (VI) has been demonstrated through several studies [78]. The practical aspect of many of them was to demonstrate the feasibility of the online generation and application of ferrate (VI) for sewage treatment [79] [80] [81], which could lead to the implementation of ferrate (VI) technology in water and wastewater treatment [82]- [93]…”

Direct Potable Reuse: The Singapore NEWater Project as a Role Model

“…The prime advantage of RO remains its potential to address salinity elimination. Concerning microorganisms and rising pollutants, it may well be replaced via a more cost-effective multi-barrier procedure involving the integration of biological, adsorption, MF/UF and AOPs [3] [24].…”

Strategies for Reducing Disinfection By-Products Formation during Electrocoagulation

“…Leachate greatly changes in features and includes complicated constituents like organic amalgams, inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants, that way making a dangerous ecological effect and public health worry if it is not treated completely [1] [3] [4] [5]. For dealing with leachate, largely examined techniques comprise biological treatment [6]- [12], advanced oxidation [13] [14] [15], membrane filtration [16]- [21], physical separation (involving adsorption, coagulation and flotation), and electrochemical treatment [22] [29].…”