Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Baykal, B. Beler; Tanık, Ayşegül; Gönenç, I. Ethem

doi:10.1007/s002670010119

Cited by 41 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…While the number of business and residential areas increase in an uncontrolled way, the need for new food and water supplies cause people to make use of natural resources more. Lake Terkos is very important since it is the cleanest water supply of Istanbul and provides 25% of the water demand of this Metropolitan Area (Baykal et al 2000). Extending parallel to the shoreline of the Black Sea in the north part of the Thrace Peninsula in the Marmara Region, the lake has a surface area of 32 km 2 and a maximum depth of 11 m. Lake Terkos was a lagoon connected to the Black Sea until its disconnection and now it is connected to the Black Sea through a natural canal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey

Kurun

Balkıs

Erkan

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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The aim of this study was to determine the total metal accumulation (aluminium, copper, manganese, lead, cadmium and iron) in different organs and eggs of Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) and sediments total metal contents (aluminium, copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, chromium, nickel) in Lake Terkos. Water and sediment samples were collected from two stations at two different depths (1 and 2 m) of Lake Terkos in May 2008. Crayfish samples were collected by trammel net at the same region. Primary hydrographic conditions, such as temperature (13.6-19.4 degrees C), salinity (0.27-0.34 per thousand), dissolved oxygen (7.04-12.30 mg l(-1)) and pH (7.42-8.51), were recorded for each sampling point. Moreover, the total organic carbon (1.65-5.44%) and the total calcium carbonate contents (19.44-41.16%) of sediment samples were determined. According to the Turkish Food Codex (J Zool 26:283-288, 2002), the maximum allowable Pb and Cd levels in crayfish are 0.5 mg/kg wet weight. Accordingly, the Pb and Cd levels determined in A. leptodactylus samples are below this limit. However, when compared with the acceptable metal limits defined by WHO, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Ministry of Agriculture in United Kingdom (UK), it is clear that the Cu level is at the limit and the Cd results exceed the limit. When the metal contents in sediment samples from Lake Terkos are examined, it is seen that the Al, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cu contents are lower while Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb contents are higher than the crustal average values. The high values draw attention to the land-based domestic and industrial inputs. Lake Terkos sediments have high enrichment factors (EF) of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb metals which corroborate this result. The low EFs of Fe, Ni and Cu are due to the natural (terrigeneous) inputs. Additionally, there is no Al, Fe, Ni and Cu metal enrichment in these lake sediments because of the low contamination factor (CF) values. However, it is moderately contaminated by Zn, Cr and Pb, and heavily contaminated by Cd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey

Kurun

Balkıs

Erkan

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Figure 12 shows the water quality classes of the River Buyukmelen and Buyukcekmece, Sazlidere, Alibeykoy, Elmali and Omerli drinking-water reservoirs in the dry season (summer). Other studies indicate the Omerli, Terkos and Alibeykoy drinking-water reservoirs belong mostly to quality class 3 (Baykal et al, 2000). Water belonging to quality classes 1 and 2 can be made fit for drinking after disinfection and purification.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the River Buyukmelen, Duzce, Turkey

Pehlivan

Yilmaz

2005

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:The River Buyukmelen is located in the province of Duzce in northwest Turkey and its water basin is approximately 470 km 2 . The Aksu, Kucukmelen and Ugursuyu streams flow into the River Buyukmelen. It flows into the Black Sea with an output of 44 m 3 s 1 . The geological succession in the basin comprises limestone and dolomitic limestone of the Yılanlı formation, sandstone, clayey limestone and marls of the Akveren formation, clastics and volcano-clastics of the Caycuma formation, and cover units comprised of river alluvium, lacutrine sediments and beach sands. The River Buyukmelen is expected to be a water source that can supply the drinking water needs of Istanbul until 2040; therefore, it is imperative that its water quality be preserved.The samples of rock, soil, stream water, suspended, bed and stream sediments and beach sand were collected from the Buyukmelen river basin. They were examined using mineralogical and geochemical methods. The amount of suspended sediment in the River Buyukmelen in December 2002 was 120 mg l 1 . The suspended and bed sediments in the muddy stream waters are formed of quartz, calcite, plagioclase, clay (kaolinite, illite and smectite), muscovite and amphibole minerals. As, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn and U have all accumulated in the Buyukmelen riverbed sediments. The muddy feature of the waters is related to the petrographic features of the rocks in the basin and their mineralogical compositions, as most of the sandstones and volcanic rocks (basalt, tuffite and agglomerate) are decomposed to a clay-rich composition at the surface. Thus, the suspended sediment in stream waters increases by physical weathering of the rocks and water-rock interaction. Owing to the growing population and industrialization, water demand is increasing. The plan is to bring water from the River Buyukmelen to Istanbul's drinking-water reservoirs. According to the Water Pollution Regulations, the River Buyukmelen belongs to quality class 1 based on Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Se, Ba, Na C , Cl , and SO 2 4 ; and to quality class 3 based on Fe concentration. The concentration of Fe in the River Buyukmelen exceeds the limit values permitted by the World Health Organization and the Turkish Standard. Because water from the River Buyukmelen will be used as drinking water, it will have an adverse effect on water quality and humans if not treated in advance. In addition, the inclusion of Mn and Zn in the Elmali drinking-water reservoir of Istanbul and Fe in the River Buyukmelen water indicates natural inorganic contamination. Mn, Zn and Fe contents in the waters are related to geological origin. Moreover, the River Buyukmelen flow is very muddy in the rainy seasons and it is inevitable that this will pose problems during the purification process.

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“…Nutrient control is necessary as a result of eutrophication. This is a primary issue in the reservoirs and linked to population density and percentage urban land use within the watershed (Baykal et al 2000).…”

Section: Water Resources Of Istanbulmentioning

confidence: 99%

Istanbul: the challenges of integrated water resources management in Europa’s megacity

Leeuwen

Sjerps

2015

Environ Dev Sustain

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Effective integrated water resources management (IWRM) and developments impacting on water resources are recognized as key components of environmentally sustainable development. Istanbul (Turkey) is a very large metropolitan city with a population of approximately 14 million. Istanbul is one of the 23 megacities (metropolitan areas with a population of more than 10 million) in the world and one of the most rapidly growing cities in Europe. The annual population growth is 2.8 %. The population growth in the city is almost twice the overall rate of the whole of Turkey, because of a large in-migration. The present study is a baseline assessment of IWRM of Istanbul and also provides a critical review of Istanbul's future challenges. The assessment is part of an action on water governance (City Blueprints) in the context of the European Innovation Partnership on Water of the European Commission. The City Blueprint indicator approach and process have been applied as first step of gaining a better understanding of IWRM and the challenges ahead. This is done by using well-established and high-quality data sets, a relatively cost-effective online survey and a relatively simple questionnaire. Istanbul has set a good example to the challenges faced in water supply in megacities, where illegal settlements on watershed zones posed a threat to scarce water resources. Despite these enormous efforts, the projected future population growth and climate change in Istanbul will necessitate further major transitions towards sustainable IWRM. This holds for all aspects of the water cycle: water quality, water quantity, water supply and sanitation, coping with extreme weather events (floods and droughts), as well as for the protection of the sources of water, i.e. ecosystem conservation. Istanbul is a place where problems emerge and solutions need to be found. The time window available to do this is rapidly closing. As such, this review of IWRM of Istanbul confirms the conclusions of the World Economic Forum that water 123Environ Dev Sustain (2016) 18:1-17 DOI 10.1007 supply is one of the top three global risks for both the impact and likelihood. Our framework has been applied for nearly 40 cities, and the results for Istanbul are discussed in the broader context of recent initiatives on water governance and smart cities by the European Commission.

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Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Cited by 41 publications

References 1 publication

Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey

Total metal levels in crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), and surface sediments in Lake Terkos, Turkey

Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the River Buyukmelen, Duzce, Turkey

Istanbul: the challenges of integrated water resources management in Europa’s megacity

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