Wall Shear Stress Measurements

Contributions of different scales of turbulent motions to the mean wall-shear stress in open channel flows at low-to-moderate Reynolds numbers

“…Gad-el-Hak 1994;Fan, Cheng & Li 2019a;Li et al 2019), but also exhibits close relevance to wall surface morphology (such as bed load transport in rivers, wind-blown sand movement in desert, etc.). Given the essential significance, sustained research efforts have been made to determine τ w (Winter 1979;Haritonidis 1989;Klewicki et al 2007;Walker 2014;Cierpka, Rossi & Köhler 2015;Rathakrishnan 2017;Vinuesa & Örlü 2017, etc. ) and to clarify its generation mechanism.…”