Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures in Balise-Based Train Control Systems

Wu, Yongdong; Weng, Jian; Tang, Zhe; Li, Xin; Deng, Robert H.

doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2590579

Cited by 41 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The resilient control algorithm for train stop control applications was proposed in [6,7,8]. A TCS can share the security key with route LEUs and synchronize with all the LEUs before the train trip starts [5]. In such a case, both balise and TCS can use symmetric security keys [5,19,18].…”

Section: Motivation and Key Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the transmitted data from the balises can also be the safety-relevant transmission, the balise data should be secured [17]. However, the balise requirements [16] do not specify any explicit security mechanism in the communication link [5]. Due to this shortcoming, any compromised balise data can affect the entire train safety and the train fleet's operational efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blockchain‐enabled balise data security for train control system

Muniandi

2021

IET Blockchain

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The train control system is the railway system's brain, ensuring the train protection and the railway network's operating performance. This control system relies on the balise data received via near-field wireless communication to localize the train and update real-time operating conditions and constraints. The attackers can capture these data through their balise antenna and corrupt them through replay or false data injection attacks. This corrupted data can compromise train safety and jeopardize the entire train fleet operations.To overcome these attacks and to ensure the trustworthiness of balise and data integrity, this study proposes the permissioned blockchain-enabled two novel architectures for data transactions. Besides, each balise is equipped with a novel built-in blockchain cryptography algorithm to create its secret and public keys to provide the key integrity without needing third-party Certification Authority of conventional Public-Key Infrastructure based security systems. Each balise can create the unique signature using a 'nonce' signal sent by the train control system in the static architecture or using a self-generated 'k-once' secret key per train control system in dynamic architecture. Finally, the case studies are carried out to confirm the security sufficiency of the proposed architectures.

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Section: Motivation and Key Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain‐enabled balise data security for train control system

Muniandi

2021

IET Blockchain

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“…Balise interrogators are mounted under the trains to communicate with the balises usually fixed on the sleepers between the rails. When a train passes, the train interrogator activates the track balise using a constantly emitted HF signal at 27.095 MHz energizing the balise when situated at less than one meter [23]. Depending on the used signalization, this emitted signal can be a pure carrier or a wider bandwidth on-off keyed signal providing a reference clock signal to the balise electronics.…”

Section: Frequency Domain Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Wideband analysis of railway catenary line radiation and new applications of its unintentional emitted signals

Heddebaut¹,

Deniau²,

Rioult³

2018

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…Additionally, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor has been considered as a critical enabling technology for future IoT applications due to its advantages in contactless sensing, wireless powered, wireless information transfer, and long lifespan [4]. As a specific passive RFID sensor in railway, Balise is used as a position maker in Balise‐based train control system, and plays an important role in the ambition to establish the safety braking model according to the movement authority [5]. As shown in Figure 1, Balise is a powerless device located on the track.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and performance analysis of Balise under dynamic energy harvesting in high‐speed railway

Cai

Liu

et al. 2022

IET Intelligent Trans Sys

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Accurate knowledge of Balise dynamic performance is essential for train position perception and safe operation. For the Balise in high-speed railway, whose performance under dynamic energy harvesting is affected by the train operation and environmental uncertainty, such knowledge is even more critical. This study proposes a new performance analyse method, which analyses the dynamic input performance of Balise by quantitatively expressing the train operation and environmental uncertainty. The complete electrical model of the Balise consisted of radio frequency energy harvesting and frequency shift keying signal transmitting is developed, the dynamic output parameters such as output frequency and response time of the Balise are investigated and analysed. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed electrical model are verified by the input to output characteristic experiment and simulation. Different case studies are carried out to analyse the dynamic input and output performance of Balise under dynamic energy harvesting. Simulation results show that the train operation and environmental media has a great effect on the input performance of the Balise. However, when the 7.15 V amplitude limiting strategy is adopted, the standard deviation of the main lobe zone in the dynamic input induced voltage envelope can be reduced by up to 86%. Moreover, the investigation reveals that the equivalent load in the electrical model has a greater effect on the output performance of the Balise compared with the dynamic energy harvesting.

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Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures in Balise-Based Train Control Systems

Cited by 41 publications

References 16 publications

Blockchain‐enabled balise data security for train control system

Blockchain‐enabled balise data security for train control system

Wideband analysis of railway catenary line radiation and new applications of its unintentional emitted signals

Modelling and performance analysis of Balise under dynamic energy harvesting in high‐speed railway

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