Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls

Filipek, Pauline A.; Semrud‐Clikeman, Margaret; Steingard, Ronald J.; Renshaw, Perry F.; Kennedy, David N.; Biederman, Joseph

doi:10.1212/wnl.48.3.589

Cited by 650 publications

(445 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In contrast, long-term memory abilities tend to be normal in ADHD (Kaplan et al, 1998;Paule et al, 2000a). Studies of the neural bases of ADHD have implicated several structures, including prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia (in particular the caudate nucleus), and the cerebellum (Aylward et al, 1996;Castellanos, 2001;Castellanos et al, 1996;Filipek et al, 1997;Paule et al, 2000a). However, evidence suggests that SLI and hyperactivity can appear not only as comorbid syndromes (or symptom complexes), but also as separate disorders .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Language Impairment is not Specific to Language: the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis

Ullman

Pierpont

2005

Cortex

693

751

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Specific Language Impairment (SLI) has been explained by two broad classes of hypotheses, which posit either a deficit specific to grammar, or a non-linguistic processing impairment. Here we advance an alternative perspective. According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH), SLI can be largely explained by the abnormal development of brain structures that constitute the procedural memory system. This system, which is composed of a network of inter-connected structures rooted in frontal/basal-ganglia circuits, subserves the learning and execution of motor and cognitive skills.Crucially, recent evidence also implicates this system in important aspects of grammar. The PDH posits that a significant proportion of individuals with SLI suffer from abnormalities of this brain network, leading to impairments of the linguistic and non-linguistic functions that depend on it. In contrast, functions such as lexical and declarative memory, which depend on other brain structures, are expected to remain largely spared. Evidence from an in-depth retrospective examination of the literature is presented. It is argued that the data support the predictions of the PDH, and particularly implicate Broca's area within frontal cortex, and the caudate nucleus within the basal ganglia. Finally, broader implications are discussed, and predictions for future research are presented. It is argued that the PDH forms the basis of a novel and potentially productive perspective on SLI. INTRODUCTIONSpecific Language Impairment (SLI) is generally defined as a developmental disorder of language in the absence of frank neurological damage, hearing deficits, severe environmental deprivation, or mental retardation (for diagnostic definitions and prevalence of SLI, see Bishop, 1992;Leonard, 1998;Tomblin et al., 1997). Other terms have also been used to label such children, including developmental dysphasia, language impairment, language learning disability, developmental language disorder, delayed speech and deviant language (Leonard, 1998;Ahmed et al., 2001). Several factors have complicated attempts to provide a unified theory of SLI, or even of subgroups of SLI. First, despite the standard use of exclusionary criteria to diagnose SLI, the disorder is clearly not limited to language.Rather the linguistic impairments co-occur with a number of non-linguistic deficits, including impairments of motor skills and working memory, and with other disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Hill, 2001;Leonard, 1998;Tirosh and Cohen, 1998). Second, even though SLI must be a consequence of some sort of neural dysfunction, the neural correlates of the disorder have been largely ignored. This potentially valuable information could provide important constraints on explanatory accounts of the disorder. Third, SLI is a classification that is quite heterogeneous (Leonard, 1998;Stromswold, 2000). Surveys document variation within and across subgroups in the particular aspects of language that are affected and in the types of co-occurring no...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Language Impairment is not Specific to Language: the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis

Ullman

Pierpont

2005

Cortex

693

751

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Children with ADHD have been found to have subtle overall volumetric reductions, with more pronounced abnormalities in the right frontal lobe and caudate nucleus (Filipek et al, 1997;Semrud-Clikeman et al, 2000). The limited brain imaging research on individuals with FASD suggests that the caudate nucleus (Archibald et al, 2001) and frontal lobes (Sowell et al, 2002) are affected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Vaurio

Riley

Mattson

2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Children with either fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in attention and executive function (EF) and differential diagnosis of these two clinical groups may be difficult, especially when information about prenatal alcohol exposure is unavailable. The current study compared EF performance of three groups: children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC); nonexposed children with attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and typically developing controls (CON). Both clinical groups met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The EF tasks used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). Results indicated different patterns of deficit; both clinical groups displayed deficits on the WCST and a relative weakness on letter versus category fluency. Only the ALC group displayed overall deficits on letter fluency and a relative weakness on TMT-B versus TMT-A. In addition, WCST performance was significantly lower than expected based on IQ in the ADHD group and significantly higher than expected in the ALC group. These results, which indicate that, although EF deficits occurred in both clinical groups, the degree and pattern of deficit differed between the ALC and ADHD groups, may improve differential diagnosis. (JINS, 2008, 14, 119-129.)

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“…The results of diverse studies of the anatomic features of the caudate in ADHD patients have been contradictory. Some studies have reported that the right caudate nucleus is smaller in children with ADHD, 4,[15][16][17] whereas others have found that only the left caudate is smaller in ADHD individuals 5 or that there is no difference. 18 Another study found that the total volume of the caudate was smaller in individuals with ADHD but that this difference disappeared during adolescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Montes

Ricardo-Garcell

Torre

et al. 2010

jpn

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Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown decreased caudate volumes in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most of these studies have been carried out in male children. Very little research has been done in adults, and the results obtained in children are difficult to extrapolate to adults. We sought to compare the volume of the caudate of adults with ADHD with that of healthy controls; we also compared these volumes between men and women. Methods: We performed an MRI scan on 20 adults with ADHD (10 men and 10 women) aged 25-35 years and 20 healthy controls matched by age and sex. We used voxel-based morphometry with the DARTEL algorithm for image analyses. We used the specifically designed Friederichsen, Almeida, Serrano, Cortes Test (FASCT) to measure the severity of ADHD; both the self-reported (FASCT-SR) and the observer (FASCT-O) versions were used. Results: The statistical parametric map showed a smaller region with low grey matter volume and a smaller concentration of grey matter in this region of the right caudate in ADHD patients than in health controls, both in the entire sample and within each sex. There was a significant correlation between the volume of this region of the caudate with the number of DSM IV-TR criteria, as well as with the total scores and most of the factors of the FASCT-SR and FASCT-O scales. A separate correlation analysis by sex gave similar results. Limitations: The study design was cross-sectional. Conclusion: The region of the right caudate with low grey matter volume was smaller in adults with ADHD in both sexes and was correlated with ADHD severity.

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Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls

Abstract: This study is the first to report localized hemispheric structural anomalies in ADHD, which are concordant with theoretical models of abnormal frontal-striatal and parietal function, and with possible differing morphologic substrates of response to stimulant medication.

Cited by 650 publications

References 24 publications

Specific Language Impairment is not Specific to Language: the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis

Specific Language Impairment is not Specific to Language: the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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