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These data support the hypothesis that anatomical abnormalities in ADHD represent abnormal development rather than developmental delay.

This study concludes that a higher prevalence of ADHD exists in psychiatric nonpsychotic adult outpatients compared with nonclinical participants. In the psychiatric adult outpatients, females showed a higher prevalence of ADHD than males. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown decreased caudate volumes in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most of these studies have been carried out in male children. Very little research has been done in adults, and the results obtained in children are difficult to extrapolate to adults. We sought to compare the volume of the caudate of adults with ADHD with that of healthy controls; we also compared these volumes between men and women. Methods: We performed an MRI scan on 20 adults with ADHD (10 men and 10 women) aged 25-35 years and 20 healthy controls matched by age and sex. We used voxel-based morphometry with the DARTEL algorithm for image analyses. We used the specifically designed Friederichsen, Almeida, Serrano, Cortes Test (FASCT) to measure the severity of ADHD; both the self-reported (FASCT-SR) and the observer (FASCT-O) versions were used. Results: The statistical parametric map showed a smaller region with low grey matter volume and a smaller concentration of grey matter in this region of the right caudate in ADHD patients than in health controls, both in the entire sample and within each sex. There was a significant correlation between the volume of this region of the caudate with the number of DSM IV-TR criteria, as well as with the total scores and most of the factors of the FASCT-SR and FASCT-O scales. A separate correlation analysis by sex gave similar results. Limitations: The study design was cross-sectional. Conclusion: The region of the right caudate with low grey matter volume was smaller in adults with ADHD in both sexes and was correlated with ADHD severity.

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 is a regulated quarantine pathogen that infects solanaceous hosts such as potato as well as geranium, where it causes either bacterial wilt (also known as Southern Wilt) or a symptomless latent infection. Geranium growers and government regulators need reliable detection methods to identify infected plant material before it is exported. We previously found that R. solanacearum-infected geranium plants can shed millions of bacteria in effluent water that flows from pots. We tested a nondestructive sampling method wherein effluent water from infected plants grown under commercial conditions was both dilution plated and filter concentrated for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Under field conditions in Guatemala, effluent shedding of infected geranium plants was highly variable. Comprehensive growth chamber studies confirmed that latently infected and mildly symptomatic geranium plants often but not invariably shed detectable numbers of bacteria in their effluent. At the peak of bacterial shedding, just under 90% of infected plants shed detectable bacteria whereas, at the lowest point, 44% shed detectable numbers of pathogen cells. Bacterial shedding peaked several weeks after inoculation regardless of whether plants were symptomatic or latently infected. Bacterial stem population sizes did not correlate with either effluent population sizes or disease index rating. Finally, we found that the effluent from geranium plants grown in volcanic rock scoria medium contains inhibitors that reduce the effectiveness of real-time PCR detection methods.

These findings suggest that there is an anatomical abnormality in the right cerebellar hemisphere in unmedicated Hispanic girls with ADHD-C that is present from childhood to adulthood.

ResumenEn este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos al datar por medio de resonancia paramagnética electrónica (RPE) muestras de esmalte dental humano provenientes del sitio arqueológico de Checua, situado a 5º 04' de latitud norte y a 73° 53' de longitud este, a una altitud de 3.600 m sobre el nivel del mar, y a 60 km al noreste de Bogotá. El esmalte dental se irradió con rayos gama y los radicales libres producidos se cuantificaron usando un espectrómetro de RPE, banda X. A partir de la curva de intensidad de la señal RPE, comparada con la dosis absorbida por el esmalte, se hizo un ajuste que permitió obtener la dosis media arqueológica acumulada en el esmalte (D E ) durante el periodo de enterramiento de la muestra. El valor obtenido fue de 3,0 ± 0,08 Gy. Para estimar la edad de la muestra se usó el programa computacional ROSY, obteniendo una edad media del individuo de 5.021 ± 202 años antes del presente. La edad de las muestras corresponde a seres humanos que vivieron en el periodo cuaternario, en la época del holoceno. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el potencial de la técnica RPE como herramienta de datación de muestras cuaternarias en Colombia y abre la posibilidad de usarla en otro tipo de muestras como estalagmitas, calcitas, conchas de moluscos y corales. Este trabajo es el tercero realizado en Colombia en este campo después del trabajo de tesis de Sandoval y Carvajal (Sandoval 2010, Carvajal 2011 a,b).Palabras clave: EPR, esmalte dental, datación arqueológica. Electron paramagnetic resonance dating of archaeological rests from Checua (Cundinamarca -Colombia) AbstractThis paper presents the results obtained from using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to analyse human tooth enamel found at the Checua archaeological site (Cundinamarca, Colombia), located 5º 04' latitude north and 73° 53' longitude east, 3,600 m above sea level and 60 km northeast of Bogotá. The tooth enamel was irradiated with gamma rays and the resulting free radicals were measured using an electron spin resonance (ESR) X-band spectrometer. Comparing the RPE signal intensity curve to the absorbed dose, it was possible to adjust this curve, which allowed us to obtain the mean archaeological dose accumulated in the enamel (D E ) during the period it was buried. The resulting value was 3.20 ± 0.08 Gy. By using the ROSY software, the mean age was estimated at 5021 ± 202 years before present (BP). This age corresponds to human beings who lived in the Quaternary period, Holocene epoch. These results show the EPR technique potential as a tool for dating Quaternary samples in Colombia and open the possibility of using it in stalagmite, calcite, mollusc shell and coral reef samples. This study is the third conducted in Colombia after the thesis work by Carvajal and Sandoval (Sandoval, 2010, Carvajal, 2011.Key words: EPR/ESR, tooth enamel, Colombia, archaeological dating. IntroducciónEl hombre siempre ha mostrado gran interés por su origen y su desarrollo a través de los tiempos, preguntándose sobre el qué, el cómo, el dónde y el...

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