Voltage-load sensitivity matrix based demand response for voltage control in high solar penetration distribution feeders

Grid Impact Analysis of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

“…The detailed calculation process of the VLSM can be found in our previous work [5]- [6]. Because of space constraints, the calculation process is not elaborated here.…”

“…Based on the VLSM, the VIM is developed to represent the voltage impact of a node with respect to the other nodes in the system. As shown in (4)- (5), every node has a voltage impact factor, / (Calculated in (6)-(7)), representing the total voltage changes in other nodes if the real/reactive power at this node changes by one unit. The voltage impact factor is calculated as the summation of the absolute values of the sensitivity factors in each column of the VLSM.…”

“…The proposed methodology has three major steps: 1) charging station location investigation, 2) heavy-duty EV charging load modeling, and 3) grid impact analysis. We leverage the voltage load sensitivity matrix (VLSM) [5]- [6] to develop the voltage impact matrix (VIM) to identify the better/worse connection points for charging stations on the grid. The charging loads are modeled by a DC fast-charging charging station model [7].…”

Coordinative real‐time sub‐transmission volt–var control for reactive power regulation between transmission and distribution systems

“…The detailed information exchange between EMS and the distribution management system (DMS) are further described in Section 4.1. For more details of the VLSM‐based VCC algorithm, please refer to [13, 14].…”

“…After that, the upper and lower DR limits calculated for the next operation interval are sent back to the transmission system controller so that the transmission optimisation algorithm can use them as operational constraints to make subsequent decisions. The detailed formulation and algorithm design for the two‐stage hierarchical VLSM‐based DR algorithm can be seen in [13, 14].…”