Grid Impact Analysis of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Abstract

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Modular Approach to Ultra-fast Charging Stations

“…In this way, 100.000 different scenarios are simulated. The number of bins is set according Sturge's rule in (4) and rounds up to 18.…”

“…Although the cost of fast charging equipment is about 10 times higher than that of conventional chargers, its return on investment is, in many cases, faster; since it allows to serve more vehicles a day. Another key factor in the relatively poor presence of UFC systems is its impact on the voltage stability of the distribution network [17][18][19]. This system can cause, in fact, voltage fluctuations and flicker, which, however, can be almost completely mitigated with the use of both smart charging algorithms and on-site distributed energy resources [18].…”

“…Another key factor in the relatively poor presence of UFC systems is its impact on the voltage stability of the distribution network [17][18][19]. This system can cause, in fact, voltage fluctuations and flicker, which, however, can be almost completely mitigated with the use of both smart charging algorithms and on-site distributed energy resources [18]. Moreover, the charging capacity of the different electric vehicles up to now on the market varies in a wide range, making in this way, difficult the choice of the optimal size for such a charging system: if the UFC station is sized for the maximum charging power allowable by the EVs, then it will operate for most of the time at a lower rating leading in this way to poor efficiency values.…”

Heavy-duty electric vehicle charging profile generation method for grid impact analysis

“…An introduction of heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEVs) will create a demand for new charging infrastructure in addition to the infrastructure meant for other types of electric vehicles (EVs), such as electric cars. The upcoming HDEVs are expected to have batteries in the size of 200-1000 kWh and a charging power ranging between 100-1600 kW [2], [3]. Thus, a transition to HDEVs can cause significant challenges to the power grid to deliver the charging power needed.…”

A Mixed 1-phase and 3-phase Vehicle Charging System from AC Rail Traction Power Network

“…However, this can severely impact voltage quality and implies huge capital expenditure for reinforcing distribution network infrastructure enabling them to provide extra power required by high number of EVs appearing on the streets in near future as shown in Fig. 1.a [5,6]. Electric train technology has progressed to a mature level and has been commissioned in most countries worldwide.…”