Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987–2000

Caltabiano, Tommaso; Burton, Mike; Giammanco, Salvatore; Allard, P.; Bruno, Nicola; Murè, F.; Romano, R.

doi:10.1029/143gm08

Cited by 80 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…No change in activity was yet observed at the northeast crater, which continued to exhibit quiescent degassing over the entire measurement interval. We therefore consider the observed variation as part of the normal fluctuations in degassing activity that occur at Etna, likely in response to temporal variations in the magma/gas transport rate in the volcano's feeding conduits [15][16][17][18]. By taking the arithmetic mean of the individual CO2 flux measurements in Figure 5, we would obtain a time-averaged CO2 flux of 2850 ± 1800 tons/day for 31 July 2016.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On Mt. Etna, for example, one of the largest volcanic CO 2 point sources on Earth [11], the volcanic CO 2 flux has systematically been measured since the mid-2000s by combining in situ measurement of the volcanic CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (with portable or permanent Multi-Component Gas Analyzer Systems, Multi-GAS; [12][13][14][15]) with remotely sensed SO 2 fluxes [16][17][18]. No successful report exists, at least to the best of our knowledge, of spectroscopy-based detection of Etna's volcanic CO 2 flux from a remote (distal) location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

et al. 2017

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Volcanic eruptions are often preceded by precursory increases in the volcanic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux. Unfortunately, the traditional techniques used to measure volcanic CO 2 require near-vent, in situ plume measurements that are potentially hazardous for operators and expose instruments to extreme conditions. To overcome these limitations, the project BRIDGE (BRIDging the gap between Gas Emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanoes) received funding from the European Research Council, with the objective to develop a new generation of volcanic gas sensing instruments, including a novel DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) for remote (e.g., distal) CO 2 observations. Here we report on the results of a field campaign carried out at Mt. Etna from 28 July 2016 to 1 August 2016, during which we used this novel DIAL-Lidar to retrieve spatially and temporally resolved profiles of excess CO 2 concentrations inside the volcanic plume. By vertically scanning the volcanic plume at different elevation angles and distances, an excess CO 2 concentration of tens of ppm (up to 30% above the atmospheric background of 400 ppm) was resolved from up to a 4 km distance from the plume itself. From this, the first remotely sensed volcanic CO 2 flux estimation from Etna's northeast crater was derived at ≈2850-3900 tons/day. This Lidar-based CO 2 flux is in fair agreement with that (≈2750 tons/day) obtained using conventional techniques requiring the in situ measurement of volcanic gas composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

et al. 2017

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“…Given that the cone built up in seven days (between 23 and 30 November 2014), the DRE TADR [49] for its growth is ~9.7 m 3 s −1 . This is much higher than the DRE 0.12 m 3 s −1 measured for the growth of the cinder cone within Etna's Bocca Nuova summit crater in 2012 [28] and than the DRE 1.5 m 3 s −1 of the 2002 Laghetto cone on Etna's S flank [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given SR, we can integrate it through time to calculate the volume of degassed magma over the measurement period. Errors associated with the SO 2 method have been shown to range between 20% and 30% [49].…”

Section: Magma Supply Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

et al. 2018

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Fogo volcano erupted in 2014-2015 producing an extensive lava flow field in the summit caldera that destroyed two villages, Portela and Bangaeira. The eruption started with powerful explosive activity, lava fountains, and a substantial ash column accompanying the opening of an eruptive fissure. Lava flows spreading from the base of the eruptive fissure produced three arterial lava flows. By a week after the start of the eruption, a master lava tube had already developed within the eruptive fissure and along the arterial flow. In this paper, we analyze the emplacement processes based on observations carried out directly on the lava flow field, remote sensing measurements carried out with a thermal camera, SO 2 fluxes, and satellite images, to unravel the key factors leading to the development of lava tubes. These were responsible for the rapid expansion of lava for thẽ 7.9 km length of the flow field, as well as the destruction of the Portela and Bangaeira villages. The key factors leading to the development of tubes were the low topography and the steady magma supply rate along the arterial lava flow. Comparing time-averaged discharge rates (TADR) obtained from satellite and Supply Rate (SR) derived from SO 2 flux data, we estimate the amount and timing of the lava flow field endogenous growth, with the aim of developing a tool that could be used for hazard assessment and risk mitigation at this and other volcanoes.

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“…The rate of SO 2 release from active volcanoes (SO 2 flux) is an important parameter for volcano monitoring, as it is acting as a proxy of underground magma ascent rate, thus strongly correlating with eruptive activity (Caltabiano et al, 2004;Burton et al, 2009). Since the 1970s, COSPEC (Stoiber et al, 1983;Caltabiano et al, 1994) and more recently DOAS (McGonigle, 2007) have been the most widely used techniques for ground-based SO 2 flux monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV camera measurements of fumarole field degassing (La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island)

Tamburello

Kantzas

McGonigle

et al. 2011

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The UV camera is becoming an important new tool in the armory of volcano geochemists to derive high time resolution SO 2 flux measurements. Furthermore, the high camera spatial resolution is particularly useful for exploring multiple-source SO 2 gas emissions, for instance the composite fumarolic systems topping most quiescent volcanoes. Here, we report on the first SO 2 flux measurements from individual fumaroles of the fumarolic field of La Fossa crater (Vulcano Island, Aeolian Island), which we performed using a UV camera in two field campaigns: in November 12, 2009 and February 4, 2010. We derived~0.5 Hz SO 2 flux time-series finding fluxes from individual fumaroles, ranging from 2 to 8.7 t d −1 , with a total emission from the entire system of~20 t d −1 and~13 t d −1 , in November 2009 and February 2010 respectively. These data were augmented with molar H 2 S/SO 2 , CO 2 /SO 2 and H 2 O/SO 2 ratios, measured using a portable MultiGAS analyzer, for the individual fumaroles. Using the SO 2 flux data in tandem with the molar ratios, we calculated the flux of volcanic species from individual fumaroles, and the crater as a whole: CO 2 (684 t d −1 and 293 t d −1 ), H 2 S (8 t d −1 and 7.5 t d −1 ) and H 2 O (580 t d −1 and 225 t d −1 ).

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Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987–2000

Cited by 80 publications

References 34 publications

Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

Volcanic Plume CO2 Flux Measurements at Mount Etna by Mobile Differential Absorption Lidar

Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

UV camera measurements of fumarole field degassing (La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island)

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