Volatiles of French Ferns and “fougère” Scent in Perfumery

Froissard, Didier; Fons, Françoise; Bessière, Jean‐Marie; Buatois, Bruno; Rapior, Sylvie

doi:10.1177/1934578x1100601138

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition, this method is non-destructive and more biologically relevant, as it collects only those compounds naturally released into the atmosphere, which are available for insects to detect, rather than other compounds that can only be extracted after long periods of soaking in solvent. Previous studies have used solvent extraction to analyse secondary metabolites in other fern species (Fons et al 2010;Froissard et al 2011;Halarewicz & Szumny, 2010). These studies report a high abundance and diversity of compounds, but involve different extraction procedures to those used here, including maceration and longer extraction times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To identify the compounds that constitute the chemical profiles of the different species, we compared two collection methods that have been previously used to characterise fern scent in other species: solvent extraction (Fons et al 2010;Froissard et al 2011;Halarewicz & Szumny 2010), and headspace collection (Imbiscuso et al 2009;Kessler et al 2015;Radhika et al 2012).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Volatile Constituents Of The Six Fermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A subsample of this tissue weighing exactly 3 g was used for the extraction. Using an adaptation of the method by Froissard et al (2011), the samples were extracted using a 30 mL solution of high-grade hexane (CAS 110-5-3, ≥ 99%, Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) with 10 ng mL −1 of nonyl acetate as an internal standard. Hexane is a good solvent for lipophilic/hydrophobic and nonpolar substances making it ideal to recover green leaf volatiles and terpenoids (Lytchovchenko et al 2009).…”

Section: Characterization Of the Volatile Constituents Of The Six Fermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile emissions of six New Zealand fern species in response to physical damage and herbivory

Soriano¹,

McCormick²

2020

NZJE

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Volatile compounds (scents) play an important role in mediating ecological interactions between plants and other organisms, including defence against biotic and abiotic stressors, such as herbivory or physical damage. Seed plants respond to wounding and herbivory by changing their volatile emissions and producing complex blends of compounds; this process is mediated by the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) that acts as a signalling molecule activating plant defence pathways. Exogenous application of JA can mimic the plant's responses to herbivory and is used in agriculture to enhance plant defences. Although this phenomenon has been well documented for seed plants, our knowledge on non-seed plants is scarce, leading to question whether the observed patterns are ubiquitous to all vascular plant species. This study aimed to characterise the volatile emissions of six native New Zealand fern species (Cyathea dealbata, Cyathea medullaris, Dicksonia squarrosa, Asplenium bulbiferum, Asplenium oblongifolium, and Microsorum pustulatum), and explore their changes in response to physical damage, exogenous application of JA, and herbivory. Physical damage caused a significant increase in volatile emissions, with odour blends dominated by green leaf volatiles (as observed in seed plants); whereas JA application only caused a moderate increase in volatile release and (unlike seed plants) did not produce a substantial increase in terpenoid emission. Compounds (E)-2-hexene and (E)-2-pentenol were unique to the headspace of herbivore-damaged plants, indicating that ferns may have specific responses to herbivory. This work suggests that changes in volatile emissions are common responses to biotic and abiotic stress in vascular plants, but prompts further research to elucidate the signalling and regulatory mechanisms in ferns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of the Volatile Constituents Of The Six Fermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of the Volatile Constituents Of The Six Fermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile emissions of six New Zealand fern species in response to physical damage and herbivory

Soriano¹,

McCormick²

2020

NZJE

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“…Although a number of fern species have long been known to be fragrant (already Linnaeus described the species Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott), there are few studies of VOCs in ferns, so far covering 26 species in the families Adiantaceae, Anemiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Equisetaceae, Lygodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae and Woodsiaceae (Briggs & Sutherland 1947;Juliani et al 2004;Cheng & Mao 2005;Naseri et al 2006;Miyazawa et al 2007;Radulovi c et al 2008;Imbiscuso et al 2009;Fons et al 2010Fons et al , 2013Fletcher et al 2011;Froissard et al 2011). In the only functional study to date, Imbiscuso et al (2009) showed that Pteris vittata L. reacts to herbivory by increasing the production of VOCs, in this case mostly consisting of mono-and sesquiterpenes, which are well known defence substances in plants (Par e & Tumlinson 1999;Cheng et al 2007;Mumm et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile organic compounds in the strongly fragrant fern genus Melpomene (Polypodiaceae)

2014

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common among plants, both as attractants for pollinators and as defence against herbivores. While much studied among flowering plants, the prevalence and function of VOCs among ferns is little known. Using headspace sorption and gas chromatography, we analysed the VOCs of dried specimens of six species of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae), including two species of the genus Melpomene, which is characterised by a distinctive sweet smell. We identified 38 VOCs, including 22 not previously recorded among ferns. The two species of Melpomene had distinct VOC cocktails, including 12 substances not found in the other four studied genera, mainly involving fatty acid derivatives (FADs) and aromatics. We propose that these VOCs have, at least in part, a function in herbivore defence, but note that the VOC bouquet of Melpomene is distinct from that typically found in angiosperms.

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“…Fern species have already been reported to produce a wide variety of VOC from different biochemical pathways (Fons et al, 2018 ; Froissard et al, 2011 ; Kessler et al, 2014 ; Radhika et al, 2012 ). Nevertheless, emission of either acetylene (Zimmerman, 1985 ) or ethylene (Wong Fong San et al, 1987 ) from Azolla spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to different light intensities affects emission of volatiles and accumulations of both pigments and phenolics in Azolla filiculoides

Brilli

Dani

Pasqualini

et al. 2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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Many agronomic trials demonstrated the nitrogen‐fixing ability of the ferns Azolla spp. and its obligate cyanobiont Trichormus azollae. In this study, we have screened the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and analyzed pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids) as well as phenolic compounds in Azolla filiculoides–T. azollae symbionts exposed to different light intensities. Our results revealed VOC emission mainly comprising isoprene and methanol (~82% and ~13% of the overall blend, respectively). In particular, by dissecting VOC emission from A. filiculoides and T. azollae, we found that the cyanobacterium does not emit isoprene, whereas it relevantly contributes to the methanol flux. Enhanced isoprene emission capacity (15.95 ± 2.95 nmol m−2 s−1), along with increased content of both phenolic compounds and carotenoids, was measured in A. filiculoides grown for long‐term under high (700 μmol m−2 s−1) rather than medium (400 μmol m−2 s−1) and low (100 μmol m−2 s−1) light intensity. Moreover, light‐responses of chlorophyll fluorescence demonstrated that A. filiculoides was able to acclimate to high growth light. However, exposure of A. filiculoides from low (100 μmol m−2 s−1) to very high light (1000 μmol m−2 s−1) did not affect, in the short term, photosynthesis, but slightly decreased isoprene emission and leaf pigment content whereas, at the same time, dramatically raised the accumulation of phenolic compounds (i.e. deoxyanthocyanidins and phlobaphenes). Our results highlight a coordinated photoprotection mechanism consisting of isoprene emission and phenolic compounds accumulation employed by A. filiculoides to cope with increasing light intensities.

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Volatiles of French Ferns and “fougère” Scent in Perfumery

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Volatile emissions of six New Zealand fern species in response to physical damage and herbivory

Volatile emissions of six New Zealand fern species in response to physical damage and herbivory

Volatile organic compounds in the strongly fragrant fern genus Melpomene (Polypodiaceae)

Exposure to different light intensities affects emission of volatiles and accumulations of both pigments and phenolics in Azolla filiculoides

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