Vitex negundo inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 inflammatory cytokine-mediated inflammation on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema

Abstract

Background:Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) is a hardy plant widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent and used for treatment of a wide spectrum of health disorders in traditional and folk medicine, some of which have been experimentally validated. In present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of V. negundo in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, and to investigate the probable mechanism of anti-inflammatory action.Materials and Methods:Paw edema was produced by injecting 1% solution of carrageenan, and the paw volume was measured before and after carrageenan injection up to 5 h. V. negundo leaf oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and administered by a trans-dermal route to Wistar rats and the percentage of inhibition of inflammation was observed using a Plethysmometer by comparing a compound aerosol-based formulation with 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP/kg body weight served as a standard drug whereas paraffin oil served as the placebo group. After withdrawing of blood, serum was separated and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities were measured by the enzyme immuno assay (EIA) method by using a COX inhibitor screening assay kit.Results and Discussion:V. negundo leaf oil significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema as compared to the placebo group (paraffin oil) and 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP showed the maximum inhibition of paw edema as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group and the control group. Also in the present study V. negundo leaf oil showed significantly (P < 0.05) inhibits COX-1 pathways rather than COX-2 pathways as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group.Conclusion:It is suggested that the V. negundo leaf oil is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and acts via inhibition of COX-2 without much interfering COX-1 pathways.

Anti-inflammatory activity of berry fruits in mice model of inflammation is based on oxidative stress modulation

“…Paw edema induced by carrageenan is an acute model of inflammation widely used to evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of natural products. [ 31 32 33 ] After injection, carrageenan immediately produces edema, hyperalgesia, and erythema, resulting from the action of proinflammatory agents such as bradykinin, histamine, tachykinins, and complement. [ 34 ] Our results showed that all extracts present anti-inflammatory effects, being GOJI extract more effective in reducing paw edema than BLUE and CRAN extracts.…”

Synergistic Effects of Metformin and Cocoa Flavanol on Inflammatory and Oxidant Markers Induced by Carrageenan: Pathophysiological Approach

“…Therefore, stopping the releasing of COX and inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, is a vital way to prevent inflammatory response. [8] Guay, et al found that the stimulation of COX-2 that occurs in the central nervous system during carrageenaninduced paw inflammation leads to an elevation in PGs, prostacyclin and TX in the early phase and to a large increase in PGE2 production linked to selective up-regulation of mPGES-1. [20] Our results showed that injection of Cg caused elevation of the mean of all inflammatory markers as COX-2, PGE 2 with high significant value (0.001) in comparison with the means of these markers in the control group.…”

“…Group): Eight mice injected with 200 μl of 1% solution of carrageenan in saline into the left hind paw and into trunk region subcutaneously under light ether anaesthesia. [8] After 15 min observing the swelling in left hind paw at the inflammation site. Group III (Carrageenan+Metformin group) (Cg.…”

“…Coca. Group): Eight mice injected with 200 μl of 1% solution of carrageenan in saline into the left hind paw and into trunk region subcutaneously under light ether anaesthesia [8] Also, received Cocoa orally 7 days before carrageenan injection (4.6 g flavanols/Kg.b.w.) [10] Group V (Carrageenan+Metformin+ CoCoa group) (Cg.…”

“…Met. Coca group): Eight mice injected with 200 μl of 1% solution of carrageenan in saline into the left hind paw and into trunk region subcutaneously under light ether anaesthesia [8] then metformin is dissolved/diluted in isotonic saline and applied intraperitoneally (I.P.) in a volume of 2 mL/kg body weight, metformin was administered at the same time as carrageenan.…”