Visualization by Immune Electron Microscopy of a 27-nm Particle Associated with Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis

Kapikian, Albert Z.; Wyatt, Richard G.; Dolin, Raphael; Thornhill, Thomas S.; Kalica, Anthony R.; Chanock, Robert M.

doi:10.1128/jvi.10.5.1075-1081.1972

Cited by 982 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…80 Human NoVs have been detected by EM procedures. 11,69,74 Although direct EM has limited sensitivity, in any outbreak in which human NoV is the suspected cause and molecular detection results are repeatedly negative for human NoV, patient specimens should be examined by direct EM for a potential viral pathogens. Because of the low specificity of many of the human NoV molecular assays, a correct diagnosis may be missed by these techniques and direct EM would elucidate human NoV as the cause.…”

Section: Detection Methods For Human Novmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control of the Number One Foodborne Illness

DiCaprio

Hughes

et al. 2013

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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Human norovirus (NoV) is the number one cause of foodborne illness. Despite tremendous research efforts, human NoV is still poorly understood and understudied. There is no effective measure to eliminate this virus from food and the environment. Future research efforts should focus on developing: (1) an efficient cell culture system and a robust animal model, (2) rapid and sensitive detection methods, (3) novel sanitizers and control interventions, and (4) vaccines and antiviral drugs. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to build multidisciplinary and multi-institutional teams to combat this important biodefense agent.

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Section: Detection Methods For Human Novmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(IEM). 11 Human NoV is commonly called the stomach flu or winter vomiting disease because of its symptoms and the increase in disease occurrence during the winter months. Human NoV is a member of the genus Norovirus within the family Caliciviridae.…”

Section: Continuedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control of the Number One Foodborne Illness

DiCaprio

Hughes

et al. 2013

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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“…Viruses were found to be common causes of infantile non-bacterial gastroenteritis and were responsible for many outbreaks of gastroenteritis in all age groups. The first of these viruses was Norwalk virus, which was derived from a community outbreak in Norwalk, OH, USA (Kapikian et al, 1972;Kapikian, 2000). Using IEM, Kapikian and colleagues were able to demonstrate the presence of virus in volunteers who developed enteric symptoms after ingesting stool filtrates from samples from this outbreak.…”

Section: Viral Gastroenteritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of transmission electron microscopy to the clinical study of viral and bacterial infections: Present and future

Curry

Appleton²,

Dowsett

2006

Micron

108

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Transmission electron microscopy has had a profound impact on our knowledge and understanding of viruses and bacteria. The 1000-fold improvement in resolution provided by electron microscopy (EM) has allowed visualization of viruses, the existence of which had previously only been suspected as the causative agents of transmissible infectious disease. Viruses are grouped into families based on their morphology. Viruses from different families look different and these morphological variances are the basis for identification of viruses by EM. Electron microscopy initially came to prominence in diagnostic microbiology in the late 1960s when it was used in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox, by differentiating, on a morphological basis, poxviruses from the less problematic herpesviruses in skin lesions. Subsequently, the technique was employed in the diagnosis of other viral infections, such as hepatitis B and parvovirus B19. Electron microscopy has led to the discovery of many new viruses, most notably the various viruses associated with gastroenteritis, for which it remained the principal diagnostic method until fairly recent times. Development of molecular techniques, which offer greater sensitivity and often the capacity to easily process large numbers of samples, has replaced EM in many areas of diagnostic virology. Hence the role of EM in clinical virology is evolving with less emphasis on diagnosis and more on research, although this is likely only to be undertaken in specialist centres. However, EM still offers tremendous advantages to the microbiologist, both in the speed of diagnosis and the potential for detecting, by a single test, any viral pathogen or even multiple pathogens present within a sample. There is continuing use of EM for the investigation of new and emerging agents, such as SARS and human monkeypox virus. Furthermore, EM forms a vital part of the national emergency response programme of many countries and will provide a frontline diagnostic service in the event of a bioterrorism incident, particularly in the scenario of a deliberate release of smallpox virus. In the field of bacteriology, EM is of little use diagnostically, although some bacterial pathogens can be identified in biopsy material processed for EM examination. Electron microscopy has been used, however, to elucidate the structure and function of many bacterial features, such as flagellae, fimbriae and spores and in the study of bacteriophages. The combined use of EM and gold-labelled antibodies provides a powerful tool for the ultrastructural localisation of bacterial and viral antigens.

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“…al. identified the 27-nm Norwalk virus particle in stool filtrates of a volunteer challenged with fecal specimens from patients of an outbreak of gastroenteritis [Kapikian, et al, 1972]. In the next few years, electron microscopy (EM) played a key role in the identification or confirmation of many other viruses causing gastroenteritis, such as rotaviruses [Bishop, et al, 1973;Flewett et al, 1973], astroviruses Cosgrove, 1975a, 1975b], enteric adenoviruses [Wadell, et al, 1987], and human caliciviruses of two different genogroups now called "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) and "Sapporo-like viruses"(SLVs) [Chiba, et al, 2000].…”

Section: Causative Viral Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%