Visualisation by confocal microscopy of traces on bullets and cartridge cases

Design of Scanning System for Mechanoscopic Analysis

“…This observation can be accomplished, for example, by using of suitable methods such as optical or confocal microscopy. The result is in form of picture and some correlation methods can be applied for comparison of individual results [3], [4]. Our approach lies in scanning of the surface resulting in 3D-image of the surface.…”

The application of laser scanning confocal microscopy to the examination of hairs and textile fibers: An initial investigation

“…The potential contribution of confocal microscopy to forensic science generally has been reviewed [4], and it has been described in relation to imaging of gunshot residues [5], imaging deposits on ammunition components [6], and imaging marks on projectiles [7]. Although confocal microscopy has been used to visualize the penetration of dye into fibers [8] and for the examination of human hairs for cosmetic purposes [9][10][11], its application to the forensic examination of hairs and fibers has not been described however, even though it has been alluded to [12].…”

A novel binarization algorithm for ballistics imaging systems

“…However, the assessment by the ballistician of the similarity between comparable marks on respective ballistics specimens from crime scenes and test firings is based on the expertise and experience. In this regard, the traditional methods of matching marks have some inherent difficulties and entail an element of subjectivity [5]. Therefore, the development of automatic firearm identification is highly demanded by real applications.…”