Visual masking, mental age, and retardation

Welsandt, Roy F; Meyer, Philip A.

doi:10.1016/0022-0965(74)90129-5

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…First, the mean individually determined SOA for e^ch of the five groups in the study was comparable. The nonretarded adult groups did not differ fi-om the mildly retarded and child groups, a finding that is inconsistent with some earlier masking studies which have indicated that nonretarded adults are better (more accurate at shorter SOAs) than mentally retarded and equal-MA matched subjects in their ability to identify a masked stimulus (Mosley 1980;Saccuzzo et al 1979;Spitz & Thor 1968;Welsandt & Meyer 1974). Second, the present findings revealed that the experimental SOA remained stable across the 120 experimental trials for all subjects in each of the groups.…”

Section: Durabilitycontrasting

confidence: 84%

Automatic processing in mildly retarded and nonretarded persons

Mosley

Ells

1994

J intellect Disabil Res

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ABSTRACT. Mildly retarded adults, equal mental age nonretarded children, high mental age nonretarded children, equal chronological age nonretarded adults and young nonretarded adults were required to perform a priming task (letters/digits) in which some primes were masked (visual noise mask) at just below detection levels to assess automatic processing. The critical (just below detection level) prime‐mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) were established individually for each subject using the method of limits and reassessed after the experimental trials. The mean critical SOA for each of the five groups was comparable and the critical SOAs remained stable across the 120 experimental trials for all groups. The nonretarded adult subjects demonstrated semantic, categorical and orthographic priming. The mildly retarded, the equal‐MA and the high‐MA groups failed to demonstrate priming, and in fact, demonstrated superior performance for prime‐target conditions which should have been poorest. This finding was discussed in terms of the level of specificity engendered in the priming task. Under the mask procedure, the nonretarded adult groups demonstrated semantic (letter) priming and orthographic priming, suggesting that letters (not digits) function as an analog to words which were employed in earlier masked prime lexical decision tasks. The mentally retarded, the equal‐MA and the high‐MA groups again failed to demonstrate priming under the mask procedure

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Section: Durabilitycontrasting

confidence: 84%

Automatic processing in mildly retarded and nonretarded persons

Mosley

Ells

1994

J intellect Disabil Res

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“…Results were interpreted as indicating slow processing in the retarded group, which was believed to be the result of low mental age. A more recent backward-masking study, however, found that mildly retarded adolescents were less resistant to the mask than were mental age as well as chronological age control groups (Welsandt & Meyer, 1974). Results were interpreted in terms of a deficiency in input capability (i.e., iconic storage), which was hypothesized to be related to factors underlying mental retardation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In mental retardation research, for example, considerable controversy has centered around the underlying source of performance deficits related to visual information processing (see Spitz, 1973). One major issue concerns whether observed differences between retarded and nonretarded persons on tasks related to visual processing can be explained solely on the basis of low mental age in the retarded persons (e.g., Galbraith & Gliddon, 1972;Spitz & Thor, 1968;Thor, 1970;Welsandt & Meyer, 1974). Another major unresolved issue concerns which stage or stages of processing are most impaired in retarded persons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Input capability and speed of processing in mental retardation.

Saccuzzo¹,

Kerr²,

Marcus³

et al. 1979

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The minimum stimulus duration for criterion accuracy and the minimum interval between presentation of a test and presentation of a masking stimulus for criterion accuracy were determined for mildly and moderately retarded adults and normal controls of the same mental and chronological age. The procedure was replicated three times in three separate sessions. Results indicated that both retarded groups required longer stimulus durations as well as longer masking intervals for criterion accuracy than did both the mental age and the chronological age control groups. Results were interpreted as consistent with deficiencies in both iconic storage and speed of information processing in mental retardation. These deficiencies, furthermore, cannot be accounted for on the basis of low mental age.

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“…No studies of the distribution of individual variation in iconic memory ability have been found. Iconic performance in normal children has been compared with that in dyslexics (Stanley and Hall, 1973), and with adolescent retardates (Welsandt and Meyer, 1974), but neither study found a difference in icon retention. Guthrie (1972) found a significant relationship between reading ability and short-term visual memory in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iconic Memory and Reading Performance in Nine‐year‐old Children

Riding

Pugh

1977

Brit J of Edu Psychol

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Summary. 36 9‐year‐old children were given a test of image persistence in visual sensory (iconic) memory, and the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability. In the iconic memory test the subjects viewed a white disc in a tachistoscope and were required to state whether or not the disc disappeared for a short interval which ranged from 10 ms to 800 ms. The shortest disappearance perceived was taken as a measure of icon persistence. The reading test gave scores for fluency, accuracy and comprehension. All three measures of reading performance were found to be significantly related to icon persistence. Short and long image persistence resulted in a reading age on the accuracy score that was on average 1.75 years below that for moderate persistence.

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Visual masking, mental age, and retardation

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Automatic processing in mildly retarded and nonretarded persons

Automatic processing in mildly retarded and nonretarded persons

Input capability and speed of processing in mental retardation.

Iconic Memory and Reading Performance in Nine‐year‐old Children

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