Visual awareness suppression by pre-stimulus brain stimulation; a neural effect

Jacobs, Christianne; Goebel, Rainer; Sack, Alexander T.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.090

Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Then, visual stimuli are presented at the same location in space as the phosphene and participants are asked, for example, to discriminate the stimuli or rate their visibility (e.g. Jacobs, Goebel, & Sack, 2012; Kammer et al, 2005b; Sack, van der Mark, Schuhmann, Schwarzbach, & Goebel, 2009). Such procedures have proved successful in visual suppression studies; stimuli are rendered less visible in several distinct time windows when TMS is applied to the occipital cortex (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphene-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation of occipital but not parietal cortex suppresses stimulus visibility

et al. 2014

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the occipital lobe approximately 100 ms after the onset of a stimulus decreases its visibility if it appears in the location of the phosphene. Because phosphenes can also be elicited by stimulation of the parietal regions, we asked if the same procedure that is used to reduce visibility of stimuli with occipital TMS will lead to decreased stimulus visibility when TMS is applied to parietal regions. TMS was randomly applied at 0 to 130 ms after the onset of the stimulus (SOA) in steps of 10 ms in occipital and parietal regions. Participants responded to the orientation of the line stimulus and rated its visibility. We replicate previous reports of phosphenes from both occipital and parietal TMS. As previously reported, we also observed visual suppression around the classical 100 ms window both in the objective line orientation and subjective visibility responses with occipital TMS. Parietal stimulation, on the other hand, did not consistently reduce stimulus visibility in any time window.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphene-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation of occipital but not parietal cortex suppresses stimulus visibility

et al. 2014

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“…Our results add to a body of literature showing that prestimulus TMS can affect stimulus detection. For example, TMS over EVC before stimulus onset has been shown to reduce stimulus visibility ( Jacobs, Goebel, & Sack, 2012). Other studies have found that motion detection is impaired when TMS is applied over motion-selective V5/MT before stimulus onset (Stevens, McGraw, Ledgeway, & Schluppeck, 2009;Laycock, Crewther, Fitzgerald, & Crewther, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparatory Activity in Posterior Temporal Cortex Causally Contributes to Object Detection in Scenes

Reeder

Perini

Peelen

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Theories of visual selective attention propose that top-down preparatory attention signals mediate the selection of task-relevant information in cluttered scenes. Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have provided correlative evidence for this hypothesis, finding increased activity in target-selective neural populations in visual cortex in the period between a search cue and target onset. In this study, we used online TMS to test whether preparatory neural activity in visual cortex is causally involved in naturalistic object detection. In two experiments, participants detected the presence of object categories (cars, people) in a diverse set of photographs of real-world scenes. TMS was applied over a region in posterior temporal cortex identified by fMRI as carrying category-specific preparatory activity patterns. Results showed that TMS applied over posterior temporal cortex before scene onset (-200 and -100 msec) impaired the detection of object categories in subsequently presented scenes, relative to vertex and early visual cortex stimulation. This effect was specific to category level detection and was related to the type of attentional template participants adopted, with the strongest effects observed in participants adopting category level templates. These results provide evidence for a causal role of preparatory attention in mediating the detection of objects in cluttered daily-life environments.

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“…In trials without reported awareness of TMS-masked stimuli, “unseen” stimuli could still affect saccade responses (Ro et al, 2004), reaching movements (Christensen et al, 2008; Ro, 2008), emotion recognition (Jolij and Lamme, 2005), and even orientation and color discrimination (Boyer et al, 2005). The occurrence of such dissociations seems to depend on SOA (Koivisto et al, 2010; Jacobs et al, 2012b; Allen et al, 2014). Depending on stimuli and tasks, some have reported that TMS does affect subjective and objective measures, as well as priming measures, as a whole across SOAs (Sack et al, 2009; Jacobs et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Nibs and Conscious Visionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But if pulses are applied to the same cortical structures (Kastner et al, 1998; Kammer, 1999), they can also disrupt ongoing processing of a visual stimulus (Amassian et al, 1989, 1993; Beckers and Hömberg, 1991; Ro et al, 2003; de Graaf et al, 2011a,c, 2012a; Koivisto et al, 2011a; Jacobs et al, 2012a,b; Salminen-Vaparanta et al, 2012) and thus abolish it from conscious perception altogether. This demonstrates that early visual cortex activations in the NCC are not consequences, but actually crucial for a conscious percept to arise.…”

Section: Nibs and Conscious Visionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using brain stimulation to disentangle neural correlates of conscious vision

Graaf

Sack

2014

Front. Psychol.

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Research into the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) has blossomed, due to the advent of new and increasingly sophisticated brain research tools. Neuroimaging has uncovered a variety of brain processes that relate to conscious perception, obtained in a range of experimental paradigms. But methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography do not always afford inference on the functional role these brain processes play in conscious vision. Such empirical NCCs could reflect neural prerequisites, neural consequences, or neural substrates of a conscious experience. Here, we take a closer look at the use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques in this context. We discuss and review how NIBS methodology can enlighten our understanding of brain mechanisms underlying conscious vision by disentangling the empirical NCCs.

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Visual awareness suppression by pre-stimulus brain stimulation; a neural effect

Cited by 27 publications

References 39 publications

Phosphene-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation of occipital but not parietal cortex suppresses stimulus visibility

Phosphene-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation of occipital but not parietal cortex suppresses stimulus visibility

Preparatory Activity in Posterior Temporal Cortex Causally Contributes to Object Detection in Scenes

Using brain stimulation to disentangle neural correlates of conscious vision

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