“…There is evidence that violence exposure, particularly interpersonal violence, may be remarkably common in young pregnant women (Gazmararian et al, 1995; Gessner & Perham-Hester, 1998; Parker, McFarlane, Soeken, Torres, & Campbell, 1993). Although results are influenced by the method of assessment, between 5 and 38% of all pregnant adolescents experience interpersonal violence either during pregnancy or the year afterwards (Berenson, San Miguel, & Wilkinson, 1992; Covington, Justason, & Wright, 2001; Curry, Perrin, & Wall, 1998; Harrykissoon, Rickert, & Wiemann, 2002; McFarlane, Parker, Soeken, & Bullock, 1992; Renker, 1999). In one study of women four months postpartum, those who gave birth when younger than 18 years old were two to three times more likely to report episodes of interpersonal violence than older mothers (Gessner & Perham-Hester, 1998).…”