Vertebrate intestinal endoderm development

Abstract

The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. Developmental Dynamics 240:501-520,

A YY1-dependent increase in aerobic metabolism is indispensable for intestinal organogenesis

“…The intestine arises from a specified field of endodermal tissue that is shaped into a tube lined with a rapidly proliferating, pseudostratified epithelium by embryonic day (E) 9.5 in mouse (Grosse et al, 2011;Spence et al, 2011;Wells and Melton, 1999). Over the next 6 days of development, proliferation in the epithelium accompanies a tremendous expansion in the length and circumference of the intestine.…”

“…Meanwhile, villus cells are postmitotic and express genes appropriate to their differentiated function in secretion or absorption; epithelial cells transit towards the villus tips, where they ultimately delaminate into the lumen. A number of developmental signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators have been implicated in villus development (Choi et al, 2006;Kaestner et al, 1997;Karlsson et al, 2000;Kim et al, 2007;Lepourcelet et al, 2005;Madison et al, 2005;McLin et al, 2009;Ormestad et al, 2006;Shyer et al, 2013;Spence et al, 2011;van den Brink, 2007;Walker et al, 2014;Walton et al, 2012Walton et al, , 2016; however, the role of metabolic regulators in villus development has yet to be investigated.…”

Generation of intestinal surface: an absorbing tale

“…This endodermal sheet then becomes molded into an epithelial tube that is surrounded by mesoderm. The complex events involved in the formation and subsequent regional patterning of the gut tube have been reviewed in depth elsewhere (Le Guen et al, 2015;Spence et al, 2011a;Zorn and Wells, 2009). Following gut tube patterning, three major morphogenetic processes contribute to the establishment of sufficient absorptive surface area for intestinal function: elongation of the tube, generation of finger-like projections called villi and formation of microvilli (the brush border) on the apical surface of each epithelial cell (Fig.…”

Ghrelin As An Ontogenetic Factor And A Gastrointestinal Hormone In The Prenatal And Postnatal Period In Rat

“…Thus emerging villi, which are covered by cylindrical epithelial cells, are formed. The cells, as well as the mechanisms, which initiate and control epithelial reorganization and morphogenesis of villi are not thoroughly studied although the interaction between the intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme has been proven [46]. Signal pathways participating in the endodermalmesenchymal interaction include BMP, Hedgehog, PDGF, TGF-β, and Wnt pathways [46,47].…”

“…The cells, as well as the mechanisms, which initiate and control epithelial reorganization and morphogenesis of villi are not thoroughly studied although the interaction between the intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme has been proven [46]. Signal pathways participating in the endodermalmesenchymal interaction include BMP, Hedgehog, PDGF, TGF-β, and Wnt pathways [46,47]. Through Hedgehog and PDGF signaling the intestinal endoderm influences the surrounding mesenchyme and regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal, myo-fibroblasts in smooth muscle cells [47,48,49].…”