Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race

Paton, Carl D.; Hopkins, Will G.

doi:10.1080/17461390500422796

Cited by 146 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…2,3,5,6 Our finding that the better athletes (top 10) were less variable than all athletes as a group is consistent with those other studies. For example, the within-athlete variability of the top 50% of 1500-m to 10,000-m track runners was less than that of the bottom 50% (1.1% and 1.6%, respectively), 3 and these differences are very similar to those in the skiing events, which were of a comparable range in performance time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…For example, the factor of wind direction and speed has been discussed in sports such as road cycling time trials and rowing. 2,5 In cross-country skiing, some important environmental factors to consider are the effect of differences in altitude, snow conditions, and race terrain. The slower mean performance times at moderate altitude (>1200 m) for all distance events in the current study were of a magnitude similar to those of elite 1500-to 10,000-m track runners (1.1-2.4%, when comparing performance below and above 1000 m), and these findings were attributed to reductions in partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air and resultant decrease in aerobic power.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variability and Predictability of Performance Times of Elite Cross-Country Skiers

Spencer¹,

Losnegard²,

Hallén³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Spencer, M., Losnegard, T., Hallén, J., Hopkins, W. (2014 A linear mixed model of race times for each event provided estimates of within-athlete race-to-race variability expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) after adjustment for fixed or random effects of snow conditions, altitude, race length, and competition terrain. Results: Within-athlete variability was similar for men and women over various events for all athletes (CV of 1.5-1.8%) and for the annual top-10 athletes (1.1-1.4%). Observed effects of snow conditions and altitude on mean time were substantial (~2%) but mostly unclear, owing to large effects of terrain (CV of 4-10% in top-10 analyses). Predictability of performance was extremely high for all athletes (intraclass correlations of .90-.96) but only trivial to poor for top-10 athletes (men .00-.03, women .03-.35). Conclusion: The race-to-race variability of top-ranked skiers is similar to that of other elite endurance athletes. Estimates of the smallest worthwhile performance enhancement (0.3× within-athlete variability) will help researchers and practitioners evaluate strategies affecting performance of elite skiers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and Predictability of Performance Times of Elite Cross-Country Skiers

Spencer¹,

Losnegard²,

Hallén³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…Trained cyclists or runners may hope to benefit from the use of a sports nutrition supplement during out-ofdoors, real-world exercise conditions if it produces an effect under laboratory-controlled exercise conditions that is 1.3-1.6% (Hopkins et al, 1999;Hopkins & Hewson, 2001;Paton & Hopkins, 2006) greater than the effect of the placebo. In this meta-analysis, it was demonstrated that QS confers an increase in EP that is much less than this efficacy threshold, thereby indicating that it is unlikely to confer any worthwhile ergogenic value, at least within the length of supplementation used and quercetin doses provided by the actual studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on average typical variations of 2.6% (Hopkins & Hewson, 2001), 1.3% (Paton & Hopkins, 2006), and 5% (Katch, Sady, & Freedson, 1982) for trained athletes' running times, trained athletes' cycling times, and trained/untrained individuals' VO 2max , respectively, and a product factor of 0.5, as recommended by Hopkins et al (1999), the smallest worthwhile percentage changes in running EP, cycling EP, and VO 2max were set at 1.3%, 1.6%, and 2.5%, respectively.…”

Section: Smallest Worthwhile Effect Of Qs On Ep and Vo 2maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Endurance Performance and Maximal Oxygen Consumption: A Meta-Analysis

Pelletier¹,

Lacerte²,

Goulet³

2013

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Lately, the effect of quercetin supplementation (QS) on endurance performance (EP) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) has been receiving much scientific and media attention. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to determine QS's ergogenic value on these variables. Studies were located with database searches (PubMed and SPORTDiscus) and cross-referencing. Outcomes represent mean percentage changes in EP (measured via power output) and VO 2max between QS and placebo. Random-effects model meta-regression, mixed-effects model analog to the ANOVA, random-effects weighted mean effect summary, and magnitudebased inferences analyses were used to delineate the effects of QS. Seven research articles (representing 288 subjects) were included, producing 4 VO 2max and 10 EP effect estimates. Mean QS daily intake and duration were, respectively, 960 ± 127 mg and 26 ± 24 d for the EP outcome and 1,000 ± 0 mg and 8 ± 23 d for the VO 2max outcome. EP was assessed during exercise with a mean duration of 79 ± 82 min. Overall, QS improved EP by 0.74% (95% CI: 0.10-1.39, p = .02) compared with placebo. However, only in untrained individuals (0.83% ± 0.78%, p = .02) did QS significantly improve EP (trained individuals: 0.09% ± 2.15%, p = .92). There was no relationship between QS duration and EP (p = .69). Overall, QS increased VO 2max by 1.94% (95% CI: 0.30-3.59, p = .02). Magnitude-based inferences suggest that the effect of QS on EP and VO 2max is likely to be trivial for both trained and untrained individuals. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that QS is unlikely to prove ergogenic for aerobic-oriented exercises in trained and untrained individuals.

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“…Data for time to completion were analyzed between conditions using magnitude based inferences by calculating the percentage difference ±90% confidence limits (Hopkins, 2006). Chances that the true value of the statistic was positive, trivial or negative relative to the smallest important value (1%; (Paton & Hopkins, 2006) was based on the following scale: <0.5%, almost certainly not; <5%, very unlikely; <25%, unlikely, probably not; 25-75%, possibly, possibly not; >75%, likely, probably; >95%, very likely; >99.5%, almost certainly (Hopkins, 2006). When there was a >5% chance of the statistic being both positive and negative, the effect was deemed unclear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Callahan¹,

Parr²,

Hawley³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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When ingested alone, beetroot juice and sodium bicarbonate are ergogenic for high-intensity exercise performance. This study sought to determine the independent and combined effects of these supplements. Eight endurance trained (VO 2 max 65 mL·kg·min -1 ) male cyclists completed four × 4-km time trials (TT) in a doubleblind Latin square design supplementing with beetroot crystals (BC) for 3 days (15 g·day -1 + 15 g 1 h before TT, containing 300 mg nitrate per 15 g), bicarbonate (Bi 0.3 g·kg -1 body mass [BM] in 5 doses every 15 min from 2.5 h before TT); BC+Bi or placebo (PLA). Subjects completed TTs on a Velotron cycle ergometer under standardized laboratory conditions. Plasma nitrite concentrations were significantly elevated only in the BC+Bi trial before the TT (1520 ± 786 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (665 ± 535 nmol·L -1 , p = .02) and the Bi and PLA conditions (Bi: 593 ± 203 nmol·L -1 , p < .01; PLA: 543 ± 369 nmol·L -1 , p < .01). Plasma nitrite concentrations were not elevated in the BC trial before the TT (1102 ± 218 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (975 ± 607 nmol·L -1 , p > .05). Blood bicarbonate concentrations were increased in the BC+Bi and Bi trials before the TT (BC+Bi: 30.9 ± 2.8 mmol·L -1 ; Bi: 31.7 ± 1.1 mmol·L -1 ). There were no differences in mean power output (386-394 W) or the time taken to complete the TT (335.8-338.1 s) between any conditions. Under the conditions of this study, supplementation was not ergogenic for 4-km TT performance.

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Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race

Cited by 146 publications

References 7 publications

Variability and Predictability of Performance Times of Elite Cross-Country Skiers

Variability and Predictability of Performance Times of Elite Cross-Country Skiers

Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Endurance Performance and Maximal Oxygen Consumption: A Meta-Analysis

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

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