Lately, the effect of quercetin supplementation (QS) on endurance performance (EP) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) has been receiving much scientific and media attention. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to determine QS's ergogenic value on these variables. Studies were located with database searches (PubMed and SPORTDiscus) and cross-referencing. Outcomes represent mean percentage changes in EP (measured via power output) and VO 2max between QS and placebo. Random-effects model meta-regression, mixed-effects model analog to the ANOVA, random-effects weighted mean effect summary, and magnitudebased inferences analyses were used to delineate the effects of QS. Seven research articles (representing 288 subjects) were included, producing 4 VO 2max and 10 EP effect estimates. Mean QS daily intake and duration were, respectively, 960 ± 127 mg and 26 ± 24 d for the EP outcome and 1,000 ± 0 mg and 8 ± 23 d for the VO 2max outcome. EP was assessed during exercise with a mean duration of 79 ± 82 min. Overall, QS improved EP by 0.74% (95% CI: 0.10-1.39, p = .02) compared with placebo. However, only in untrained individuals (0.83% ± 0.78%, p = .02) did QS significantly improve EP (trained individuals: 0.09% ± 2.15%, p = .92). There was no relationship between QS duration and EP (p = .69). Overall, QS increased VO 2max by 1.94% (95% CI: 0.30-3.59, p = .02). Magnitude-based inferences suggest that the effect of QS on EP and VO 2max is likely to be trivial for both trained and untrained individuals. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that QS is unlikely to prove ergogenic for aerobic-oriented exercises in trained and untrained individuals.

Background: During pregnancy, maternal circulating leptin is released by maternal adipose tissue and the placenta, and may have a role infetal development. Objectives: We investigated maternal leptinemia and glycemia associations with neonatal adiposity, taking into account pregravid weight status. Methods: We included 235 pregnant women from the Genetics of Glucose Regulation in Gestation and Growth prospective cohort with data: blood samples collected during the 2nd trimester, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the measured leptin and glucose levels. As an integrated measure of maternal leptin exposure, we calculated the area under the curve for maternal leptin at the OGTT (AUC_leptin). Within 72 h of delivery, we measured the triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses (SFTs); the sum of these SFTs represented neonatal adiposity. We conducted a regression analysis to assess the maternal metabolic determinants of neonatal adiposity, adjusting for parity, smoking status, maternal triglyceride levels, gestational weight gain, placental weight, delivery mode, neonate sex, and gestational age at delivery. Results: The pregravid BMI of the participating women was 23.3 (21.2-27.0). In the 2nd trimester, maternal AUC_leptin was 1,292.0 (767.0-2,222.5) (ng × min)/mL, and fasting glucose levels were 4.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L. At delivery, the neonatal sum of 4 SFTs was 17.9 ± 3.3 mm. Higher maternal leptinemia was associated with higher neonatal adiposity (β = 4.23 mm [SE = 1.77] per log-AUC_leptin; p = 0.02) in mothers with a BMI ≥25, independently of confounders and maternal glycemia, but not in mothers with a BMI <25. Higher maternal fasting glucose was associated with higher neonatal adiposity (β = 0.88 mm [SE = 0.30] per SD glucose; p = 0.005) in mothers with a BMI <25, independently of confounders and maternal leptinemia. Conclusion: Maternal leptinemia may be associated with neonatal adiposity in offspring from overweight/obese mothers, independently of maternal glycemia.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of weight gain and changes in adiposity distribution on insulin resistance and circulating adiponectin variations over 4 years in free-living normal weight young adults. In this prospective observational cohort (n=42 women, 18 men), anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected in the fasting state at baseline and at 4 years. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Circulating adiponectin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. To investigate increase in adiposity more specifically, subsidiary analyses were performed in a subgroup of individuals (n=31) who gained adiposity over the course of the 4-year follow-up (defined as gain >1% in percent body fat). Regression analyses were performed to adjust for sex, age, parental education, lifestyle, and fitness levels. At baseline, the participants were young adults (age=20.0 years old) in the normal weight range [body mass index (BMI)=22.7 kg/m2 (IQR=21.1-24.4)]. Median change in body fat percentage was +1.4% (IQR=-0.3-3.4; p=0.01) and in waist circumference was +1.2 cm (IQR=-2.6-5.3; p=0.05). In the subgroup of individuals who gained more than 1% body fat, increase in HOMA-IR was associated with an increase in BMI (r=0.44; p=0.01; p<0.01 in fully adjusted model), while decrease in adiponectin levels was associated with an increase in waist circumference (r=-0.38; p=0.03) but this was no longer significant after adjustment for sex and other potential confounders (p=0.14). In a population of young adults, small variations in adiposity within the normal weight range were associated with increase in insulin resistance.

Introduction: In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) published a special report to define and set national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction (2020 Strategic Impact Goals). Ideal cardiovascular health was defined based on seven metrics including both ideal health behaviors (nonsmoking, body mass index &lt 25 kg/m2, physical activity at goal levels, and pursuit of a diet consistent with current guideline recommendations) and ideal health factors (untreated total cholesterol &lt 200 mg/dL [5.2 mmol/L], untreated blood pressure &lt 120/ &lt 80 mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose 8h of overnight fasting, using standardized procedures. Resting blood pressure was measured in the sitting position (twice, using the average for analyses). Physical activity was assessed by a validated questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day food diary; the average per day or the estimations per week were used accordingly to the specific dietary component recommendation. Results: The cohort was composed of young adults (20.6 ± 2.9 years old), mainly of European origin (97.8%), and 74.6% were female. Overall, only one participant (0.4%) achieved ideal cardiovascular health (all seven ideal health metrics). Very few participants (2.2%) achieved ideal healthy diet score (4-5 components /5). Investigating individual dietary component, our results showed that 9.4% consumed ≥ 4.5 cups/day of fruits and vegetables, 25.7% had ≥ two servings/week of fish, 14.5% reported ≥ three servings/day of fiber-rich whole grains, 8.0% consumed &lt 1500g/day of sodium, and 75.4% reported drinking &lt 36oz / week of sugar-sweetened beverages. Concerning the other health metrics, 22.8% achieved the recommended level of physical activity, 93.8% were non-smokers, 75.7% had a BMI &lt 25kg/m2, 42.4% had a blood pressure in the ideal range ( &lt 120/ &lt 80 mmHg), 99.6% had a normal fasting glucose ( &lt 5.6 mmol/L), and 42.4% had a total cholesterol &lt 5.2 mmol/L. Conclusions: The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health is very low, even in a population of young adults interested in healthy lifestyle. The low prevalence is mainly dependent on the healthy dietary score where the biggest challenges seem to be consumption of fruits and vegetables, and limiting sodium intake. Public health actions are seriously needed to improve these health metrics.

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