Variation in biosynthesis of an effective anticancer secondary metabolite, mahanine in Murraya koenigii, conditional on soil physicochemistry and weather suitability

Abstract

Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf being a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites has received inordinate attention in drug development research. Formation of secondary plant metabolite(s) in medicinal plants depends on several factors and in this study the cause of variation in bioavailability and content of a vital bioactive phytochemical, mahanine in the MK leaves from different geographical locations of varying soil properties and weather parameters was determined. Accordingly, MK leaves and soil samples around the plant base in quintuplicate from each site across five states of India at similar time point were collected. Mahanine content was determined and compared among samples from different regions. The quantitative analysis data comprised that MK-leaves of southern part of India contains highest amount of mahanine, which is 16.9 times higher than that of MK-leaves of north-eastern part of India (which measured as the lowest). The results suggested that pH, conductivity and bacterial populations of the soil samples were positively correlated with mahanine content in the MK-leaves. For examples, the average soil pH of the southern India sites was in basic range (8.8 ± 0.6); whereas that of the north-east India sites was in slightly acidic ranges (6.1 ± 0.5) and mean soil conductivity value for the north east India soils was 78.3 ± 16.3 µS/cm against mean value of 432.4 ± 204.5 µs/cm for south India soils. In conclusion, this study proclaims that higher level of bioactive phytochemical, mahanine in MK leaves depending upon geographical location, weather suitability and soil’s physiochemical and microbial parameters of its cultivation sites.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…The qualitative phytochemical study of the methanol extract of leaves of M. calabura (MELM) revealed the existence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. A slight variation in the secondary metabolite profile was observed in MELM with that of earlier reports (Buhian et al 2016;Singh et al 2017) which might be due to the variations in the growing conditions across different geographical regions, soil physicochemical and biological parameters (Ramakrishna and Ravishankar 2011;Isah 2019;Satyavarapu et al 2020;Kandimalla et al 2020). The total phenolic content was found to be 131Á78 mg GAE −1 g −1 dry weight and that of total flavonoid content was 65Á38 mg QE −1 g −1 dry weight in MELM.…”

“…2020; Kandimalla et al . 2020). The total phenolic content was found to be 131·78 mg GAE −1 g −1 dry weight and that of total flavonoid content was 65·38 mg QE −1 g −1 dry weight in MELM.…”

Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Carbazole Alkaloids in Murraya koenigii (L.) from Six Different Climatic Zones of India Using UPLC/MS/MS and Their Principal Component Analysis

“…Out of which, compounds (mk279A, mk309, mk323, mk293A, mk347, mk331A, and mk331B) were earlier identified and isolated from M. koenigii by us. [17,18] Additional data for the previously non-reported compounds (mk263, mk279B, mk293B, and mk616) is shared in Supplementary Fig-ure S1 and δ values of 1 H and 13 C-NMR are given in Supplementary Table 1. LC/MS grade acetonitrile, methanol, and ammonium acetate were procured from Sigma Aldrich while ethanol was purchased from Merck Specialties Pvt.…”

“…In this field, recently, a group of researchers showed the seasonal variation of three carbazole alkaloids distribution in MK leaves and thereafter emphasized the anticancer activity of the leaf extracts [12] . Similarly, a study involving the isolation of carbazole alkaloid Mahanine from the leaves of this plant, showed a varied range of its biosynthesis depending upon the place, time of collection as well as weather conditions of the sample collection site [13] . In another study, the genetic diversity between wild samples of this plant from different geographical regions of India was explored, [14,15] and the putative gene families involved in carbazole alkaloids biosynthesis were identified [16] .…”

“…[12] Similarly, a study involving the isolation of carbazole alkaloid Mahanine from the leaves of this plant, showed a varied range of its biosynthesis depending upon the place, time of collection as well as weather conditions of the sample collection site. [13] In another study, the genetic diversity between wild samples of this plant from different geographical regions of India was explored, [14,15] and the putative gene families involved in carbazole alkaloids biosynthesis were identified. [16] In our studies on this plant over five years, we have analyzed the natural abundance and tissue-specific distribution of some major CAs detected in the samples of MK plant from central India and found the CAs to be present in nearly all plant parts including the renewable parts like leaf.…”