Variability of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs

Monsour, P. A.; Young, William G.

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(86)90399-3

Cited by 148 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Most of the theories are based on the ossification and/ or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament and explains the variations of the so-called "complete HA" or the elongation of the styloid process (Graf, 1959;Goldstein and Scopp, 1973;Frommer, 1974;Monsour and Young, 1986;Ruprecht et al, 1988;Camarda et al, 1989aCamarda et al, ,1989bOmmell et al, 1998;MacDonald-Jankowski, 2001;Krennmair and Piehslinger, 2003;€ Otzas and Orhan, 2012;Alpoz et al, 2014). The associated syndromes are also reported (Eagle, 1948;Eagle, 1949;Aubin and Estenne, 1954;Eagle, 1958;Koebke, 1976).…”

Section: D) External Carotid Artery (Ec) External Carotid Nerves (Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Verdugo-López

Abé

et al. 2015

The Anatomical Record

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Currently, theories based on acquired calcification of the stylohyoid ligament are believed to be a pathogenesis of syndromes associated with the hyoid apparatus (HA) and its variations. We studied the development of the HA from Reicherts cartilage using serial sections of 25 human embryos and 45 fetuses. We ensured a fact that, at the initial stage, the HA appeared as two independent cartilage segments, that is, the cranial or styloid segment and the caudal or hyoid segment of Reichert's cartilage, those are connected by a mesenchymal structure. However, between 8 and 10 weeks of development, the mesenchymal connection was lost. We hypothesize that this disconnection is likely to be one of the major factors to make a descent of the hyoid bone in evolution. The stylohyoid ligament was not observed. The variations of the HA, should be considered variations of the development of Reicherts cartilage. If these variations are maintained in the adult, are likely to explain a major symptom associated with Eagle s syndrome.

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Section: D) External Carotid Artery (Ec) External Carotid Nerves (Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Verdugo-López

Abé

et al. 2015

The Anatomical Record

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“…The normal length of this process is 20-25 mm in adults [3]; the mean radiographic length of the styloid process has been reported to be between 20 and 30 mm [4]. It had been estimated that between 2 and 4 % of the general population presents radiographic evidence of an ossified portion of the stylohyoid chain [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Elongated Styloid Process in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis Using Panoramic Radiographs

Shivakumar

Batra

Upasi

et al. 2013

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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Introduction Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious disease affecting the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper digestive tract. It is characterized by a juxtaepithelial inflammatory reaction followed by fibroelastic change in the lamina propria and associated epithelial atrophy. Higher levels of TGF-b present in patients with OSF could be responsible for impetus to remnants of Reichert's cartilage present in styloid complex leading to partial or complete ossification of associated ligaments. So, a study was conducted to evaluate the elongation of the styloid process in patients with OSF by using panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods Panoramic radiographs of patients with OSF were studied from 2007-2011. The apparent lengths of styloid process were measured with the help of divider and steel metric ruler. The length of the styloid process and/or ossification of stylomandibular ligaments which were longer than 30 mm were considered. Results Out of 47 patients, 35 patients (34 males & 1 female) met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients (31.4%) were found to have elongated styloid processes which included 10 male patients and 1 female patient. Conclusion It had been estimated that between 2 % and 4% of the general population presents radiographic evidence of an ossified portion of the styloid complex. The high incidence of elongation of styloid process (31.4 %) in patients with oral submucous fibrosis highlights that progressive OSF might have some influence on elongation of styloid process.

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“…Kaufman et al [4] reported that 30 mm is the upper limit for normal styloid process. Mansour and Young [7] concluded that the diagnosis of an elongated styloid process could be made whenever the styloid process was longer than 40 mm. In radiological studies, the normal length of styloid process is reported to be no longer than 25 mm [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eagle’s Syndrome: Report of Three Cases

Asrani

2011

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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Eagle's syndrome is defined as the symptomatic elongation of the styloid process or mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament complex. It can present as a variety of different symptoms which can mislead the otolaryngologist and the dentist in diagnosing the condition. We are presenting three cases of Eagle's syndrome describing the importance of digital palpation through tonsillar fossa and use of panoramic radiographs in confirming the elongation of styloid process.

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Variability of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs

Cited by 148 publications

References 9 publications

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Evaluation of Elongated Styloid Process in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis Using Panoramic Radiographs

Eagle’s Syndrome: Report of Three Cases

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