Variability in the collective behaviour of England fans at Euro2004: ‘Hooliganism’, public order policing and social change

Stott, Clifford; Adang, Otto; Livingstone, Andrew; Schreiber, Merritt

doi:10.1002/ejsp.338

Cited by 113 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Indeed, although social identity can be a motivational force for good, it can also lead to aggression, hooliganism, and violence towards sporting outgroups [102,104,105,[193][194][195][196][197][198]. Moreover, in this context, violent action toward outgroups can come to be seen as legitimate-such that, for example, injurious "tackles" and slurs against opposition players are seen as "fair" and "nothing personal" (at the same time that these same acts by opponents are seen as entirely unreasonable).…”

Section: New Frontiers: Towards a Broader Application Of The Social Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in the recent "Penn State Case"-where criticism over how an institution handled a scandal involving a former coach led to the dismissal of its current coach and resignation of its President-one sees that more highly identified fans showed more support for retention of both the coach and the President because they were more supportive of actions that defended their team [203]. Significantly too, research also points to ways in which sports-related problems can be successfully tackled [197,198], as when England fans at Euro2004 created an identity within which hooliganism was considered non-prototypical, leading to the marginalization of those fans who sought to create disorder [198].…”

Section: New Frontiers: Towards a Broader Application Of The Social Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

et al. 2015

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Drawing on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, we outline an approach to sport psychology that understands groups not simply as features of sporting contexts but rather as elements that can be, and often are, incorporated into a person's sense of self and, through this, become powerful determinants of their sport-related behavior. The underpinnings of this social identity approach are outlined, and four key lessons for sport that are indicative of the analytical and practical power of the approach are presented. These suggest that social identity is the basis for sports group (1) behavior, (2) formation and development, (3) support and stress appraisal, and (4) leadership. Building on recent developments within sport science, we outline an agenda for future research by identifying a range of topics to which the social identity approach could fruitfully contribute. Key Points• We outline a social identity approach to sport psychology based upon social identity and self-categorization theories.• We argue that this approach has the potential to make a significant, unique, and powerful contribution to the analysis of an array of phenomena and behaviors that are at the heart of sport and sport psychology.• In particular, the approach offers a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which individual psychology both structures, and is structured by, the dynamics of group life; this involves seeing groups not simply as features of sporting contexts but rather as elements that can be, and often are, incorporated into a person's sense of self and, through this, become powerful determinants of their sport-related behavior.

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Section: New Frontiers: Towards a Broader Application Of The Social Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: New Frontiers: Towards a Broader Application Of The Social Imentioning

confidence: 99%

A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

et al. 2015

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“…Stott & Drury 2000), a series of protests around the extension of the M11 motorway in London (Drury & Reicher 2000), and rioting among football fans (Stott & Reicher 1998;Stott et al, 2001Stott et al, , 2007 each revealed a similar pattern of interaction. This pattern demonstrated the necessity of a specific theoretical approach to the conceptualisation of identity and context.…”

Section: From Classical Crowd Science To a Social Identity Approach Tmentioning

confidence: 93%

Contemporary understanding of riots: Classical crowd psychology, ideology and the social identity approach

Stott

Drury

2016

Public Underst Sci

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This paper explores the origins and ideology of classical crowd psychology, a body of theory reflected in contemporary popularised understandings such as of the 2011 English 'riots'. The paper argues that during the 19th Century the crowd came to symbolise a fear of 'mass society' and that 'classical' crowd psychology was a product of these fears. Classical crowd psychology pathologised, reified and de-contextualised the crowd, offering the ruling elites a perceived opportunity to control it. We contend that classical theory misrepresents crowd psychology and survives in contemporary understanding because it is ideological. We conclude by discussing how classical theory has been supplanted in academic contexts by an identity-based crowd psychology that restores the meaning to crowd action, replaces it in its social context, and in so doing is transforming theoretical understanding of 'riots' and the nature of the self.

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Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscript Hockey Fans and Compartmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings should also be replicated by using other methodological tools, including observed (rather than self-reported) measures of derogatory behaviors. Observational studies in the realm of hockey could be highly informative in this regard and would directly capture the intergroup dynamics as they unfold in a strong and engaging real-life context (Stott & Reicher, 1998;Stott et al, 2001Stott et al, , 2007.In sum, this paper brings together theories of intergroup relations with humanistic and self and identity approaches to investigate an important social phenomenon: How normative and self-related variables encourage group members to engage in harmful social behaviors, and how the framing of such behaviors (i.e., as legitimate vs. illegitimate) also comes into play in this processes. These questions were investigated using an experimental design and in an involving and relevant real-life context among invested sports fans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The pathway to accepting derogatory ingroup norms: The roles of compartmentalization and legitimacy

Amiot

Doucerain

Louis

2017

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Objectives. The current experiment was conducted among ice hockey fans, and brings together theories of intergroup relations and self and identity literatures. It investigated if perceiving strong norms in favor of derogating against fans of outgroup teams, and engaging in these behaviors oneself, leads to an increased compartmentalization of these behaviors (i.e., such that they are restricted to a particular compartment within the self). This association was expected to be especially strong when derogatory behaviors are portrayed as illegitimate. We also explored whether this compartmentalization then flows on to vitality as a well-being indicator. Method and Design. Ice hockey fans supporting a diversity of NHL teams were recruited (N=116). The legitimacy of the derogatory behaviors was manipulated by making salient either: that these behaviors have harmful consequences for outgroup members (illegitimate condition) vs. that such behaviors can benefit the ingroup (legitimate condition).Results. The expected mediated model was supported among the entire sample. The association between engaging in the derogatory behaviors and their compartmentalization in the self was also moderated by the experimental manipulation: While participants in the illegitimate condition reported a positive link between engaging in these behaviors and their compartmentalization, participants in the legitimate condition did not show a significant association between these variables, suggesting no need for them to restrict these behaviors within themselves. Conclusions. Results are discussed in light of normative approaches, intergroup theories, and the self. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT HOCKEY FANS AND COMPARTMENTALIZATION 3The Pathway to Accepting Outgroup Derogation Norms:The Roles of Compartmentalization and Legitimacy Strong motivational and affective processes take place in sports contexts. At the group level, sport teams represent important identities that convey meaning and belongingness to their members (Branscombe & Wann, 1991;Bruner, Boardley, & Côté, 2014;Rees et al., 2015;Wann, 2006). Players, coaches, and fans are all affected by the sports they engage in and by the teams they identify with, even if this sporting context represents ''just'' a game. Some also display strong emotional reactions to their team's wins and losses (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). In fact, sports can be seen as a microcosm of society, where strong motivational and social identity processes operate (Wann, 2006). At an intergroup level, sport fans may also engage in derogatory behaviors that involve downgrading and denigrating the outgroup teams (e.g., laughing at, insulting, being violent against the outgroup team;Scheepers, Spears, Doosje, & Manstead, 2003, 2006. Some sporting contexts can be quite strong and elicit particularly detrimental norms as part of their subcultures (e.g., hooliganism; Dunning, Murphy, & Williams, 2014;Stott, Hutchison, & Drury, 2001;Van Hiel, Hautman, Cornelis, & De Clercq, 2007).Given the de...

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Variability in the collective behaviour of England fans at Euro2004: ‘Hooliganism’, public order policing and social change

Cited by 113 publications

References 37 publications

A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

Contemporary understanding of riots: Classical crowd psychology, ideology and the social identity approach

The pathway to accepting derogatory ingroup norms: The roles of compartmentalization and legitimacy

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