Utilization of dietary cereal by young infants

Shulman, Robert J.; Wong, William W.; Irving, Charles S.; Nichols, Buford L.; Klein, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(83)80769-0

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Breath samples were collected to determine l3C02 enrichment and H2 production at -30, -15, and 0 min before and every 30 min, up to 4 h, after the initial test meal was administered. Sample collection and calculation of CO 2 production rates have been described previously (12). All stools were collected in the diapers from day 3 through day 12 and stored in sealed plastic bags in the subjects' home frezers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a subject is maintained on a diet low in 13C and a 13C-enriched substrate is then fed, the amount of malabsorbed foodstuff can be calculated directly from the increase in 13C-enrichment in feces (12,13). Similarly, the appearance of increased 13C02 in breath marks the oxidation of the enriched foodstuff (12). The appearance of hydrogen in breath was used as a marker of small bowel malabsorption of carbohydrate (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Absorption and Oxidation of Glucose Polymers of Different Lengths in Young Infants

et al. 1986

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ABSTRACf. Because mucosal glucoamylase is most active against glucose polymers less than 10 glucose units in length, longer chain polymers may not be completely absorbed by young infants. In order to investigate this possibility, the absorption and oxidation of 13C-rich glucose, short-chain (3 to 8 glucose units in length) and long-chain (average length 43 units) glucose polymers (GP) were compared in 12 healthy, I-month-old infants. Recovery of the GP and glucose in stool was measured by determining the 13C enrichment of stool. The oxidation of the GP was measured by tracing the increase in breath 13C02 after GP were fed. Carbohydrate malabsorbed in the small bowel was assessed by measurement of breath H 2 , a gas formed from the fermentation of carbohydrate in the colon. Analysis of the infants' stools revealed that one infant excreted 9.7% of the dose of glucose, another 6.7% of the dose of short-chain GP, and five infants excreted 2.6 to 18.5% (mean 8.4%) of the dose of long-chain GP. The percent of the administered dose recovered in breath was similar among substrates (mean = 28.7% of the dose fed). A rise in breath H 2greater than 20 ppm was found in four of the 12 infants after the feeding of glucose, in five of 12 after the short-chain GP, and in six of 12 after the long-ehain GP. None of the infants developed diarrhea. The results suggest that healthy young infants do not absorb longchain GP as completely as they absorb short-ehain GP. In the absence of pancreatic amylase, salivary amylase and mucosal glucoamylase are sufficient in some young infants to allow for complete digestion of long-chain GP. (Pediatr Res 20: 740-743,1986) Abbreviations GP, glucose polymer DP, degrees of polymerization GP commonly are used in infant formulas either as the sole source ofcarbohydrate or as a caloric supplement. Young infants may not absorb GP completely, because pancreatic amylase activity cannot be detected in the duodenal fluid until 4 to 6

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Absorption and Oxidation of Glucose Polymers of Different Lengths in Young Infants

et al. 1986

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“…Breath samples were collected after an overnight fast and at 30-min intervals for 6 h after ingestion of the test meals (see below). Mixed expired air was collected from children under 18 mo using a supple rubber face mask fitted with two nonreturn valves (6). Older children provided end-expiratory air 46 DEWIT ET AL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approximate value was used here because of the technical impossibility of measuring C02 production in free-living infants and toddlers over 6 h in a domestic setting. This value is customarily used by different authors (6,17,18) in the absence of comprehensive data on COz production rates in childhood and infancy in free-living conditions. To evaluate the effect of background fluctuations on measured recoveries, a curve was constructed with a maximum amplitude of 2 SD of the measured background variations (0.8 d per mil).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Digestion in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis Measured Using a 13C Breath Test

et al. 1992

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ABSTRACT. The study was designed to evaluate a noninvasive breath test using naturally I3C-rich corn (maize) as substrate to provide quantitative information about the digestion of starch by children in health and disease. The variability of background I3C:l2C of young British children was investigated by collecting breath samples over 6 h from 17 healthy children, 6-35 mo old, and from seven children with cystic fibrosis, 25-48 mo old, in their homes. Children with cystic fibrosis have decreased activity of pancreatic amylase (I), the major enzyme involved in the intraluminal hydrolysis of starch. As a consequence, most children with cystic fibrosis receive pancreatic enzyme supplements containing a-amylase (2). Although starch is the principal complex carbohydrate in the diet during early life and represents about 20% of the total energy intake at 2 y of age in children in Europe (3,4), information about the digestion of this carbohydrate in young children with cystic fibrosis is limited (5). In addition, the effect of enzyme supplements on the digestion of starch has not been clearly established in children.Noninvasive breath tests, which involve substrates that are naturally or artificially labeled with I3C, the stable isotope of carbon, have been used to make quantitative measurements of the digestion of complex carbohydrates in healthy infants and adults (6,7) and in those with pancreatic insufficiency (8). When

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“…Hence with a changing diet throughout childhood, the fermentation patterns of the colonic flora also change. In young children, the capacity of the upper gut to digest and absorb starch has been shown to be less than that in adults by luminal measurement of pancreatic enzymes (Zoppi et al, 1972), functional studies (Anderson et al, 1972) and stable isotope breath tests (Shulman et al, 1983). Such studies are too invasive for routine use in children (Anderson et al, 1972;Zoppi et al, 1972) or rely on breath hydrogen measurements which have fundamental flaws (Modler et al, 1988;KhinMaung-U et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

et al. 2003

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Objective: Little is known of the degree to which the colon salvages energy through starch fermentation in young children. Using a simulated colonic environment, we aimed to account for the fate of fermented raw and cooked starch in two groups of young children and in adults. Design: A slurry was prepared from faecal samples from six infants (7-10 months), six toddlers (16-21 months) and seven adults (24-56 y). Each slurry was anaerobically incubated with raw or cooked maize starch in MacCartney bottles in a shaking water bath. Parallel incubations were stopped at 4 and 24 h. The headspace gas volume was analysed for CO 2 and methane. The culture supernatant was analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), lactate and residual starch. Results: Different patterns of fermentation were seen at 4 and 24 h. For raw starch, the production of SCFA decreased with subject age at 4 h but not at 24 h. With both substrates at 4 h, toddler stools produced significantly more CO 2 than infants or adults, but there were no statistical differences at 24 h. Methane was detected in three adults only. Lactate was detected mainly at 4 h in children. Conclusions:The results suggest that fermentation, particularly of raw starch, is a more rapid process in young children than in adults. A highly efficient energy salvage process may occur in the colon of young children.

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Utilization of dietary cereal by young infants

Cited by 47 publications

References 13 publications

Absorption and Oxidation of Glucose Polymers of Different Lengths in Young Infants

Absorption and Oxidation of Glucose Polymers of Different Lengths in Young Infants

Starch Digestion in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis Measured Using a 13C Breath Test

Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

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