Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

Christian, Martin; Edwards, Christine; Preston, Thomas C.; Johnston, Lisa; Varley, RE; Weaver, Lawrence T.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601715

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In vitro studies indicate that toddler microbiota may ferment fibre faster than an adult microbiota but produces less SCFA. [17] Besides being an energy source, SCFA also provide other benefits to the host such as regulating microbiota composition and activity, influencing colonic physiology and signalling (e.g. satiety).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2–5-year-old children

Hemalatha

Ouwehand

Saarinen

et al. 2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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ABSTRACTBackground: Consumption of Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 by 2–5-year-old children was found to reduce risk for diarrhoea and fever during the rainy season. Objective: Can changes in faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) explain the observed positive influence of probiotics and their role on nutritional status and diarrhoea risk? Design: Faecal samples were analysed for SCFAs and BCFAs and correlated to Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels; both at the start and after nine months’ consumption of either of the two probiotic strains, or placebo. Results: No differences in SCFAs, BCFAs, Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium levels were found between boys and girls. Severely underweight children were observed to have the highest Lactobacillus levels. Probiotic intervention was found to be associated with higher levels of selected SCFAs and BCFAs in subjects who had experienced diarrhoea. Treatment with either of the probiotics led to changes in SCFAs and BCFAs. SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, were found to correlate with each other. Likewise, BCFAs isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate correlated with each other. After the intervention, L. paracasei Lpc-37 correlated positively with total Bifidobacterium counts and isovalerate levels. B. lactis HN019 counts were found to correlate positively with total bacterial counts and negatively with propionate levels. Conclusions: Nutritional status was associated with higher levels of faecal lactobacilli; the meaning of this requires further investigation. The intervention with the two probiotics was observed to influence the levels of faecal SCFAs and BCFAs and there is a differential response in those who developed diarrhoea and those who did not. It is, however, not clear to what extent this is a mechanism that explains the earlier observed effect the strains had on diarrhoea risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2–5-year-old children

Hemalatha

Ouwehand

Saarinen

et al. 2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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“…Fermentation products include SCFAs, intestinal putrefactive products and gases, e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen (1,4,5). SCFAs are absorbed and utilized as an energy source by the host or directly by colonic epithelial cells (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we employed gas, which is excreted at each defecation and can be collected without any contact with feces, as a parameter of the intestinal environment. Because carbohydrates in the large intestine are fermented by bacteria to form organic acids and gases including carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane (1,4,5), we performed a preliminary analysis of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane for which sensors are commercially available. Based on the results of the preliminary analysis, an apparatus for the measurement of CO 2 in defecation gas was prepared, because CO 2 was excreted by all the subjects tested and the sensitivity and specificity of the sensor was sufficient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Indicators of Intestinal Environment and Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Gas Excreted During Defecation

Hirayama

Hashimoto

Takeshita

et al. 2010

Bioscience Microflora

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Intestinal microbiota have marked metabolic activity and influences the host in both beneficial and harmful ways. In the present study, we developed an apparatus to measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas excreted during defecation and investigated whether this amount of CO 2 can be used as an indicator of the intestinal environment. The apparatus consists of a fan and a commercial CO 2 sensor attached to a toilet stool. Fecal pH, fecal water content, concentrations of short chain organic acids (SCFAs) and intestinal putrefactive products and composition of fecal microbiota were analyzed as indicators of the intestinal environment. The apparatus could measure the amount of CO 2 in the gas with good reproducibility, irrespective of the open area at the top of the toilet stool, position of gas injection and composition of the gas. In a volunteer study, the amount of CO 2 in defecation gas correlated with pH, water content and concentrations of SCFAs and intestinal putrefactive products in the feces, although correlation with the composition of intestinal microbiota was not be observed. The results indicate that the amount of CO 2 in defecation gas can be measured with simple and sanitary procedures and is a good indicator of the intestinal environment.

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“…Bacterial fermentation of nonresorbable hydrocarbons and glycoproteins, which represent about 20% of the normal oral intake into the colon, leads to the production of CO 2 [11,12]. In young children, fermentation, particularly of raw starch, is a more rapid process than in adults [13]. Macfarlane et al [14].…”

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confidence: 98%

Rectal luminal PrCO 2, measured by automated air tonometry, does not reflect gastric luminal PrCO 2 in children

et al. 2006

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Rectal luminal regional P(CO2) (Pr(CO2)) was compared with gastric luminal Pr(CO2) measured by automated air tonometry at intervals of 10 min in 20 children aged 6-16 years scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. In 5 patients, measurement of rectal Pr(CO2) failed because of catheter-related problems. In the remaining 15 children, aged 10.6 +/- 2.5 years, 19 +/- 7 paired rectal and gastric Pr(CO2) values (n total, 241) were measured. Bias and precision for gastric compared to rectal Pr(CO2) was -1.79 kPa and 2.89 kPa. In patients with obvious feces in the rectum, bias (precision) for gastric compared to rectal Pr(CO2) was -2.7 kPa (2.6 kPa) and in those with empty rectum, -0.75 kPa (1.42 kPa; t-test; P < 0.001). Based on our in vivo data, rectal luminal Pr(CO2), measured by automated air tonometry, does not reflect gastric luminal Pr(CO2) in children. Enteral luminal gas production within feces in the rectum seems to be a major source of this disagreement.

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Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2–5-year-old children

Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2–5-year-old children

Correlation Between Indicators of Intestinal Environment and Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Gas Excreted During Defecation

Rectal luminal PrCO 2, measured by automated air tonometry, does not reflect gastric luminal PrCO 2 in children

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