Utilização de bioindicadores na avaliação de impacto e no monitoramento da contaminação de rios e córregos por agrotóxicos

Abstract

The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the main bioindicators that are currently used to assess the environmental impact of pollution in water resources. The simple quantification of chemicals in the environment is not enough to reveal the real effects of contamination on ecosystems, making necessary the assessment of the biological effects that pollution causes at different hierarchical levels. The bioindicators used in this article on two case studies comprehend different hierarchical levels: in case study 1, three organization levels were utilized: individual, cellular and molecular, to detect the early effects of exposition to environmental pollutants in three hydrographic basins. By observing the inhibition of AChE activity in fish it was possible to assess the effects of organophosphorate and carbamate pesticides, showing the effects of agricultural activities. In case study 2, we present an assessment at the macroinvertebrate community level using the Extended Biotic Index. We discuss the advantages and limitations in the production of reliable data that could be used in the implementation of adequate actions to protect and/or recover ecosystems.

O Controle Higiênico-Sanitário como Indicador de Desempenho e Qualidade na Lavanderia Hospitalar

“…Segundo Arias (2007), no nível de organização biológica do organismo, as ferramentas de análise são chamadas de bioindicadores. Os bioindicadores são definidos como resposta a um contaminante ambiental a nível individual, medidos no organismo ou na matriz biológica, indicando um desvio do status normal que não pode ser detectado no organismo intacto.…”

“…Os bioindicadores são definidos como resposta a um contaminante ambiental a nível individual, medidos no organismo ou na matriz biológica, indicando um desvio do status normal que não pode ser detectado no organismo intacto. Para Fijan et al, (2006), Arias (2007) e Fijan (2011, o controle microbiológico dos têxteis deve ser avaliado com indicadores que possam sugerir a sua qualidade higiênico-sanitária. Indicadores físico-químicos não contribuem para essa verificação.…”

Pyrethroid toxicity in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen

“…The impact of contamination by agro toxins both in ϐish and macroinvertebrates varies according to the kind of substances used, their toxicity levels and the stability on aquatic environments (Arias et al 2007). The sublethal concentrations might be inϐluenced by other factors, including strain of the animal, age and gender, as well as other environmental parameters, such as temperature, water hardness and pH (Bernardi et al 2008).…”

“…The sublethal concentrations might be inϐluenced by other factors, including strain of the animal, age and gender, as well as other environmental parameters, such as temperature, water hardness and pH (Bernardi et al 2008). The effects of agro toxins in ϐish may vary from mass lethality of scales up to several sublethal effects, affecting the entire community structure (Arias et al 2007). …”

Chemical contamination of water in irrigated rice on Paraná State, Brazil

“…These products, when applied on the culture fields, may reach water bodies directly, through the rain water and irrigation, or indirectly through percolation into the soil, reaching groundwater (ARIAS et al, 2007). The monitoring of water quality parameters is itself basic tool to assess environmental changes caused by action of man (MOLOZZI; PINHEIRO;SILVA, 2006).…”