Using the Magnetic Anisotropy Method to Determine Hydrogenated Sections of a Steel Pipeline

Abstract

The paper deals with a non-destructive method of detecting hydrogenated sections of pipelines, which is based on variations of the level of mechanical stresses generated in the surface layers of the steel pipe material during its hydrogenation. The use of a magnetoanisotropic method based on the phenomenon of metal magnetoelastic anisotropy development, which consists in the variation of the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials in direction and magnitude under the influence of mechanical stresses, is proposed as a way to register that variation. Based on the results of tensile testing of carbon steel plates with measurement of the difference in principal mechanical stresses (DPMS) occurring in metal, as well as experiments on electrolytic hydrogenation of specimens with measurement of the DPMS signal, it was confirmed that when steel structures are saturated with hydrogen, tensile stresses are generated in the surface layers, the magnitude of which increases as the concentration of hydrogen increases in the metal. In this case, it is assumed that the indicated dependence between the hydrogen concentration in the metal and the stresses arising as a result of hydrogenation is linear. For the example of lamellar specimens made of pipe low-carbon steel, the possibility of using the magnetoanisotropic method for registering sections of underground pipelines with a high content of hydrogen is substantiated, which can become the basis for a method of diagnosing sections of pipelines with broken insulation for the possibility of their further operation. The scientific novelty of this article is the establishment of a relationship between the hydrogen content in the metal, the stresses that arise in this case, and the change in the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, characterized by the magnitude of the DPMS signal. This study contributes to the understanding of the process of hydrogenation of metals, and may be useful in detecting and preventing damage to gas and oil pipelines caused by hydrogen embrittlement as a cause of stress corrosion.

Development MPC for the Grinding Process in SAG Mills Using DEM Investigations on Liner Wear

“…We also conducted a series of simulations with duration of 60 s with type 3 of corrugated lining for several steel grades having different hardness and wear resistance V i , defined by Bolobov et al [18] (Table 2). According to the previously described methodology, the parameters E t and K were determined for each material.…”

“…Studies have shown [15] that only a reduction in the front angle of the plate edge without reducing its height can seriously affect the efficiency of the grinding process, so the recommended wear rate at which the lining plate should be replaced is 10-20% by weight [16,17]. The problem of intensive wear is combated by manufacturing lifters from wear-resistant materials [18], applying various types of hardening treatments [19] and applying coatings [20].…”

The Physicochemical Basis for the Production of Rapeseed Oil Fatty Acid Esters in a Plug Flow Reactor

“…In addition to the above, the fuel and energy sector remains a common area of application relating to the use of FAEs in the 21st century, which is explained by the prerequisites of historical development [8][9][10]. On the one hand, sustainable global energy developments are now on the international agenda in the context of the transition to renewable energy technologies [11][12][13][14].…”

Technological Aspects of Methane–Hydrogen Mixture Transportation through Operating Gas Pipelines Considering Industrial and Fire Safety

“…There are two compression technologies available for hydrogen: reciprocating compressors and centrifugal compressors. For gas compression, reciprocating compressors are typically used for volume flow rates less than 0.472 m 3 /s [24]. Centrifugal compressors are the recommended choice for applications involving high flow rates.…”