Use of space-filling curves for additive manufacturing of three dimensionally varying graded dielectric structures using fused deposition modeling

Larimore, Zachary; Jensen, Seth; Parsons, Paul; Good, Brandon; Smith, Kelsey; Mirotznik, Mark S.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.03.002

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Transformation optics (TO) is a mathematical tool based on the form invariance of Maxwell's equations under coordinate transformations . In this approach, the material properties within a virtual space ( x , y , z ) and the material parameters within a physical space ( x ′, y ′, z ′) are related by the following transformation:

ε^{'} = \frac{italicJε J^{T}}{\det (||, J)}, μ^{'} = \frac{italicJε J^{T}}{\det (||, J)}

where J is the Jacobian tensor which characterizes the coordinate transformation between the virtual and physical spaces. Unfortunately, the material properties that result from direct application of the TO method are in general anisotropic, magnetic and often have minimum permittivity and permeability values smaller than 1.0.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we presented a method for applying space‐filling curves to realize three‐dimensionally grading dielectric structures . As described in Ref.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By varying the number of turns, N , the local volume fraction of printed material, and thus its effective permittivity, is controlled. Unit cells are stacked in rows and columns such that a layer is spatially graded using a single continuous curve [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reader is referred to Ref. for details on the effective media approach. For the design of the lenses, we used the effective permittivity from the xy ‐plane (ie, ε xy ).…”

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the lens's spherical shape complicates the integration of an antenna feed network and other associated electronics. To address the first issue several investigators, including ourselves, have leveraged advances in additive manufacturing (AM) technology to fabricate complex material geometries that possess three‐dimensionally varying effective permittivities . To address the second issue of integration of antenna feeds most investigators provide a flat surface by encapsulating all, or some portion, of the spherical lens within a low permittivity background media (see Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Realization of modified Luneburg lens antenna using quasi‐conformal transformation optics and additive manufacturing

Biswas

Larimore

et al. 2018

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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We demonstrate a new method for realizing modified Luneburg lens antennas with nearly continuously graded permittivity profiles in three‐dimensions. The method used a quasi‐conformal transformation optics (QCTO) approach to modify the geometry and permittivity of a spherical Luneburg lens to have a flat surface for convenient integration of antenna feeds. The modified lens was then fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing with an effective media approach that employs space‐filling curves. The method was validated by designing and fabricating a modified Luneburg lens antenna designed to operate in the Ka‐band. The antenna performance of the sample was measured experimentally and shown to compare well to predicted results using full wave simulations. The device was able to achieve a reasonably high degree of beam steering (ie, −55° to +55°) over the entire Ka‐band. We believe this new approach provides a cost‐effective and scalable means of realizing practical passive beam steering lenses that operate over a broad range of frequencies.

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ε^{'} = \frac{italicJε J^{T}}{\det (||, J)}, μ^{'} = \frac{italicJε J^{T}}{\det (||, J)}

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we presented a method for applying space‐filling curves to realize three‐dimensionally grading dielectric structures . As described in Ref.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reader is referred to Ref. for details on the effective media approach. For the design of the lenses, we used the effective permittivity from the xy ‐plane (ie, ε xy ).…”

Section: Fabrication Of Spatially Varying Permittivity Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Realization of modified Luneburg lens antenna using quasi‐conformal transformation optics and additive manufacturing

Biswas

Larimore

et al. 2018

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

Self Cite

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A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi‐Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties

Yan

Feng

Liu

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

306

116

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) and functionally graded structures (FGSs) are special types of advanced composites with peculiar features and advantages. This article reviews the design criteria of functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM), which is capable of fabricating gradient components with versatile functional properties. Conventional geometrical‐based design concepts have limited potential for FGAM and multi‐scale design concepts (from geometrical patterning to microstructural design) are needed to develop gradient components with specific graded properties at different locations. FGMs and FGSs are of great interest to a larger range of industrial sectors and applications including aerospace, automotive, biomedical implants, optoelectronic devices, energy absorbing structures, geological models, and heat exchangers. This review presents an overview of various fabrication ideas and suggestions for future research in terms of design and creation of FGMs and FGSs, benefiting a wide variety of scientific fields.

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Dielectric Elastomer Architectures with Strain‐Tunable Permittivity

O’Neill

Sessions

Arora

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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than their intrinsic material constituents. Metamaterials concepts have been demonstrated in diverse fields, including electromagnetics, acoustics, mechanics and others, exhibiting novel properties such as negative refractive index, perfect absorption, and auxetic behavior. [1][2][3][4][5] Further, metamaterials can be designed with flexible and reconfigurable substrates to achieve physically tunable responses. For instance, several examples of origami and deployable structures exhibit adaptive electromagnetic resonance tuning through physical deformation. [6][7][8][9][10] Strain-tunable dielectric materials and composites are a growing research field with recent demonstrations in optical and millimeter wave regimes. [11,12] For instance, Meerbeek et al., described the macroscopic shape of a porous elastomeric foam by measuring the shift in light reflected internally by its cellular voids during bending and twisting. [11] Zhang et al., synthesized a graphene foam with tunable microwave absorption via solid matrix densification during physical compression. [13] Additional mechanisms for strain-tuning dielectric properties include the use of permanent or induced dipoles at the molecular level; and the distribution of voids and inclusions in host matrices. [14][15][16] Elastomeric metamaterials present a deformation-based tuning strategy for regulating local periodicity and effective dielectric properties. This strategy is particularly useful in deformable electromagnetic devices where the feature size of the dielectric architecture is electrically small and physical reconfiguration of the dielectric structure will facilitate localized and controllable tuning. [14] Materials with mechanically reconfigurable dielectric properties can help address these inherent challenges for flexible hybrid electronics (FHEs) and adaptive communication devices.Elastomers have previously been leveraged for mechanical metamaterials, which are a subset of metamaterial designs with periodic architectures whose elements rotate, buckle, fold, or snap under an external load. [17] Mechanical instabilities present in many of these structures allow their rapid transformation under relatively low strains. They demonstrate unique properties like auxetic behavior, energy absorption, multistability, and nonlinear elastic properties. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The transformation of these mechanical structures provides a straightforward tuning mechanism for surrounding wave properties in optical, acoustic, and Flexible hybrid electronic (FHE) materials and devices exploit the interaction of mechanical and electromagnetic properties to operate in new form factors and loading environments, which are key for advancing wearable sensors, flexible antennas, and soft robotic skin technologies. Dielectric elastomer (DE) architectures offer a novel substrate material for this application space as they are a class of strain-tolerant and programmable metamaterials that derive their mechanical and dielectric properties from their architecture. Due to the...

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Use of space-filling curves for additive manufacturing of three dimensionally varying graded dielectric structures using fused deposition modeling

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Realization of modified Luneburg lens antenna using quasi‐conformal transformation optics and additive manufacturing

Realization of modified Luneburg lens antenna using quasi‐conformal transformation optics and additive manufacturing

A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi‐Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties

Dielectric Elastomer Architectures with Strain‐Tunable Permittivity

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