Use of Solid-Phase Extraction in Determination of Chemical Warfare Agents

Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents

“…Importantly the pH of the soil buffer solution should be quite close to the p K a value of VX and quite low to avoid basic hydrolysis. Other reports as well describe the extraction of nerve agents from soils with spiking levels of 0.1–10 mg/g, 0.4% extraction with dichloromethane, spiking level of 0.5 mg/g with 8% ± 6% of recovery, and a spiking level of 20 μg/g with 16.2% ± 1.3% of recovery . A hexane–benzene mixture was used for extraction of sarin from soils; and gas-chromatographic separation and flame ionization detector helped in the analysis of a trace amount of nerve agent at a level of 10 –4 mg/kg .…”

“…Other reports as well describe the extraction of nerve agents from soils with spiking levels of 0.1À10 mg/g, 390 0.4% extraction with dichloromethane, 507 spiking level of 0.5 mg/g with 8% ( 6% of recovery, 508 and a spiking level of 20 μg/g with 16.2% ( 1.3% of recovery. 509 A hexaneÀbenzene mixture was used for extraction of sarin from soils; and gas-chromatographic separation and flame ionization detector helped in the analysis of a trace amount of nerve agent at a level of 10 À4 mg/kg. 510 Concentrations of VX and sarin in slag also can be determined by derivatization of them with optically active alcohols.…”

Development and validation of a sensitive gas chromatography–ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry method for the determination of tabun enantiomers in hemolysed blood and plasma of different species

“…Although the use of acetone showed high recovery rates when aqueous solutions of tabun were analyzed, acetone causes blood protein precipitation on the cartridges producing emulsified and difficult to analyze eluates [4,17,33]. The recovery rates when using hexane amounted to remarkably less than 50% [17,33]. Isopropanol, dichloromethane and chloroform allowed acceptable recovery rates.…”

“…Methanol was not included as tabun is susceptible to degradation by nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group in methanolic solutions [17]. Although the use of acetone showed high recovery rates when aqueous solutions of tabun were analyzed, acetone causes blood protein precipitation on the cartridges producing emulsified and difficult to analyze eluates [4,17,33].…”

“…Refs. [13][14][15][16][17][18]). However, these assays have not been designed for analysis in biological matrices or chiral separation.…”