Use of Plain Radiography in the Diagnosis, Surgical Management, and Postoperative Treatment of Obstructive Urolithiasis in 25 Goats and 2 Sheep

Kinsley, Marc A.; Semevolos, Stacy A.; Parker, Jill E.; Duesterdieck-Zellmer, Katja F.; Huber, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12021.x

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Unfortunately, the location, size, and number of radiopaque calculi along the urethra were not always described in the radiology reports retrieved for this retrospective study. If a location was indicated, the results confirmed the pelvic flexure, sigmoid flexure and distal urethra as the 3 predilection sites . In 16.1% of the radiographs, stones were seen in the urinary bladder only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…If a location was indicated, the results confirmed the pelvic flexure, sigmoid flexure and distal urethra as the 3 predilection sites. 9,22 In 16.1% of the radiographs, stones were seen in the urinary bladder only. Contrast radiographs have been reported to be of superior value for the diagnosis of urolithiasis in small ruminants, 8 however others have found that plain radiographs are sufficient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Clinical findings and diagnostic procedures in 270 small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis

Riedi

Knubben‐Schweizer

Meylan

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundDetails of the clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis in male small ruminants have not been documented in a large population.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures in a large group of small ruminants with urolithiasis.AnimalsTwo hundred and seventy small ruminants (158 sheep and 112 goats).MethodsRetrospective study of 270 cases identified based on clinical records.Results81.2% affected goats were castrated and 91.7% sheep were intact males; 65.5% of the animals had been sick ≤2 days before referral. Common abnormalities included dysuria (93.6%), indigestion (84.4%), reduced general state of health (79.5%), signs of pain (73%), increased heart and respiratory rates (53.6% and 39.1%), and azotemia (89.4%). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations were strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.81). Hypochloremia (52.2%), hyponatremia (43.3%), hypophosphatemia (52.4%), and abnormal potassium concentrations (26.2% hypokalemia and 24.5% hyperkalemia) were the most common serum electrolyte imbalances. Packed cell volume (PCV), plasma proteins, potassium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in animals with uroperitoneum. Ultrasonography allowed for confirmation of diagnosis in 83.9% of the cases (135/161 with sufficient available information), uroliths were visible on 34 of 56 plain radiographs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur study confirmed that clinical and ultrasonographic examinations are sufficient to diagnose urolithiasis. Clinical signs can be divided into an early stage with discrete unspecific clinical signs, a painful stage with frequent straining, expression of pain and moderately reduced general condition, and an advanced stage with a markedly reduced general condition and eventually recumbency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Clinical findings and diagnostic procedures in 270 small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis

Riedi

Knubben‐Schweizer

Meylan

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…However, no AMCP/struvite, struvite, or AMCP uroliths were visible on radiography in our study. A study of radiography and small ruminant urolithiasis similarly found that calcium carbonate uroliths were radiographically visible, whereas a single struvite case had no visible uroliths . Ex vivo radiography was performed on a urolith subsequently analyzed to be AMCP/struvite where radiopacity was confirmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of radiography and small ruminant urolithiasis similarly found that calcium carbonate uroliths were radiographically visible, whereas a single struvite case had no visible uroliths. 23 Ex vivo radiography was performed on a urolith subsequently analyzed to be AMCP/struvite where radiopacity was confirmed. It is believed that the inability to view AMCP/struvite uroliths on pelvic and abdominal radiography of sheep and goats could be due to small urolith size (often in the form of sand), that the radiographic technique required to penetrate the abdomen might result in loss of detail of these moderately radiopaque uroliths, 22 or that tissue superimposition might obscure these uroliths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis

Jones

Gibbons

Roussel

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundKnowledge of the mineral composition of the causative urolith is important to develop preventative strategies. Advances in analytic techniques have led to detection of urolith components not previously recognized.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to characterize uroliths in sheep and goats structurally and clinically. We hypothesized that amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP) would be a naturally occurring urolith type in sheep and goats.AnimalsForty‐nine sheep and goats presenting for obstructive urolithiasis from June 15, 2014 through June 14, 2016 were reviewed along with the demographic data of all small ruminants admitted during that same period.MethodsMedical records were reviewed for demographic and historical data, and 36 uroliths obtained from these cases during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine chemical composition.ResultsAMCP is a naturally occurring urolith type in obstructed male sheep and goats and was the most common urolith type in this study, where it occurred as a majority component with struvite (39% of uroliths) or as a pure component (11%). Pure struvite was found in 1 urolith (2%). Calcium carbonate was the second most frequent urolith with 31% of uroliths being pure calcium carbonate.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study demonstrates that uroliths, which appear consistent with struvite, could actually be calcium‐containing AMCP. Urolith analysis is critical in determining mineral content of uroliths to guide dietary recommendations for prevention.

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“…Os melhores resultados são obtidos com a prevenção da doença, antes que se inicie a formação do cálculo, com vista à integridade produtiva do animal (Van Metre & Fubini 2006, Ewoldt et al 2008, Kinsley et al 2013. Para isso, deve-se conhecer a composição química dos urólitos e corrigir todos os possíveis fatores que podem estar relacionados com sua formação (Freeman et al 2010, Sun et al 2010.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e anatomopatológica do sistema urinário de ovinos confinados com ou sem suplementação de cloreto de amônio

et al. 2016

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Resumo: A acidificação urinária com cloreto de amônio (CA) é um método preventivo eficiente em urolitíase obstrutiva em ovinos. Os objetivos deste estudo com ovinos confinados, que receberam dieta concentrada com elevado teor proteico, foram: verificar o efeito da dieta sobre a formação de urólitos e o desenvolvimento da doença; analisar as características macroscópicas e histopatológicas do sistema urinário; relacionar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e necroscópicos com a presença de urólitos. Utilizaram-se 60 ovinos machos: grupo CA (n=40), 400 mg/kg CA/dia, tratados via oral, por 42 dias consecutivos; grupo-controle (n=20), não tratado. Determinaram-se sete momentos de colheita de amostras com intervalos de sete dias, no total de 56 dias de confinamento. Encontraram-se microcálculos na pelve renal em cinco animais de ambos os grupos. As lesões renais microscópicas mais relevantes foram congestão vascular e necrose tubular. Concluiu-se que a dieta rica em concentrado provocou lesão renal em ambos os grupos, embora sem alterar a função renal, o que foi comprovado em testes pela ureia e creatinina séricas. O cloreto de amônio fornecido ao grupo CA não impediu a calculogênese, mas reduziu sua prevalência em relação ao grupo-controle. Os ovinos do grupo-controle tiveram maior comprometimento renal, pela alta incidência de cristalúria e pela necrose tubular, induzidas pelo consumo da dieta rica em grãos.

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Use of Plain Radiography in the Diagnosis, Surgical Management, and Postoperative Treatment of Obstructive Urolithiasis in 25 Goats and 2 Sheep

Abstract: In regions where radiopaque calculi (calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, silica) are commonly encountered in small ruminants, plain radiographs are recommended to determine the appropriate surgical approach(es) and to confirm resolution of the obstruction.

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

Clinical findings and diagnostic procedures in 270 small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis

Clinical findings and diagnostic procedures in 270 small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis

Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis

Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e anatomopatológica do sistema urinário de ovinos confinados com ou sem suplementação de cloreto de amônio

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