BackgroundObstructive urolithiasis is a common disease associated with a guarded prognosis in small ruminants.Hypothesis/ObjectiveThe results of physical examination, laboratory analyses, and clinical management of male small ruminants presented to 2 referral clinics were investigated to identify variables significantly associated with disease outcome, so as to provide better recommendations to animal owners regarding the management of these patients.AnimalsTwo‐hundred ten small ruminants (130 sheep and 80 goats) with confirmed diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis.MethodsClinical findings (including diagnostic imaging) and laboratory results of the 210 animals were reviewed, and relevant information regarding clinical and laboratory variables recorded upon admission and clinical management was retrieved. The association of the different variables with nonsurvival was investigated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsOnly 39% of all patients considered for treatment and 52% of those undergoing tube cystostomy survived to be released from the clinic. Nonsurvival was strongly associated with a very poor clinical condition upon presentation, obesity, castration, and evidence of uroperitoneum. Among blood variables, abnormal PCV, severely increased serum creatinine concentrations, and increased activity of the creatine kinase were associated with increased risk of nonsurvival. Presence of signs of colic or macroscopic appearance of urine was not significantly associated with outcome.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe prognosis of obstructive urolithiasis was guarded with survival rates of 39% (overall) to 52% (after tube cystostomy). Intact young males with normal body condition presented early in the course of disease had the best chances of survival.

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BackgroundDetails of the clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis in male small ruminants have not been documented in a large population.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures in a large group of small ruminants with urolithiasis.AnimalsTwo hundred and seventy small ruminants (158 sheep and 112 goats).MethodsRetrospective study of 270 cases identified based on clinical records.Results81.2% affected goats were castrated and 91.7% sheep were intact males; 65.5% of the animals had been sick ≤2 days before referral. Common abnormalities included dysuria (93.6%), indigestion (84.4%), reduced general state of health (79.5%), signs of pain (73%), increased heart and respiratory rates (53.6% and 39.1%), and azotemia (89.4%). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations were strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.81). Hypochloremia (52.2%), hyponatremia (43.3%), hypophosphatemia (52.4%), and abnormal potassium concentrations (26.2% hypokalemia and 24.5% hyperkalemia) were the most common serum electrolyte imbalances. Packed cell volume (PCV), plasma proteins, potassium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in animals with uroperitoneum. Ultrasonography allowed for confirmation of diagnosis in 83.9% of the cases (135/161 with sufficient available information), uroliths were visible on 34 of 56 plain radiographs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur study confirmed that clinical and ultrasonographic examinations are sufficient to diagnose urolithiasis. Clinical signs can be divided into an early stage with discrete unspecific clinical signs, a painful stage with frequent straining, expression of pain and moderately reduced general condition, and an advanced stage with a markedly reduced general condition and eventually recumbency.

Numerous cases of bovine dilatative cardiomyopathy (BDCMP) were registered in the nineteen-eighties, but the prevalence decreased steadily thanks to classical selection measures, i.e. excluding putative carrier animals from breeding. The cases described here show that the recessively inherited disease is still present in the Swiss cattle population. By use of a direct gene test developed a few years ago, a clinical tentative diagnosis can be confirmed. Since the end of the year 2016, carriers are officially labelled as such in Switzerland. Currently, about 2% of the insemination sires of the Holstein, Red Holstein and Swiss Fleckvieh breeds carry the causative mutation in the OPA3 gene. A combination of increased awareness of the disease and use of the gene test should allow for complete elimination of the disease from the Swiss cattle population.