“…Therefore, the N2 and N3 atoms of 1,2,3-triazole act as electron donors, enabling the formation of metal coordination bonds (Figure D–F), − hydrogen bonds (Figure G,H), , and ionic liquids (Figure I). , According to density functional theory calculations, the electron cloud density of the N3 atom in 1,2,3-triazole is higher than that of the N2 atom, suggesting that new chemical bonds were initially formed on the N3 atom (Figure J). The metal ions which are capable of forming complexes with 1,2,3-triazole include Ni(II), Hg(I), Cu(I), Ru(II), − Ir(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Ag(I) . Additionally, the proton on the C5 atom in 1,2,3-triazole can be deprotonated to generate N -heterocyclic carbenes, which are potent neutral electron donors and can also act as ligands for transition metal catalysis (Figure K–N). − …”