Urine œstrogen profiles OF Asian and North American women

MacMahon, Brian; Cole, Philip; Brown, J. B.; Aoki, Kunio; Lin, Tong; Morgan, Robert W.; Woo, Ngai-Chen

doi:10.1002/ijc.2910140204

Cited by 106 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…30 Among Asian women, estriol ratios were broadly distributed over the spectrum, whereas those of North Americans were clustered in the unfavorable end. The difference was particularly striking in younger women and the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: International Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

MacMahon

2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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107

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This article describes the characteristics of 3 dominant features of breast cancer epidemiology. These characteristics include the association of disease risk with childbearing, its relationship to ovarian activity and its international variation (particularly as the latter differs in the years before and after menopause). Equivocal tests of one hypothesis that reconciled some of these features through variations in levels of the fractions of estrogen are described. Other hypotheses with a similar objective are needed. The 3 known causes of human breast cancer, ionizing radiation, exogenous ovarian hormones and beverage alcohol, offer some preventive possibilities but do little to explain the epidemiologic features of the majority of cases of the disease that occur in their absence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: International Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

MacMahon

2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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107

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“…In an effort to explain the international differences in breast cancer incidence rates, a number of investigators have compared hormone levels in healthy Asian and Caucasian women, with most focusing on differences in oestrogen levels (MacMahon et al, 1974;Moore et al, 1983;Trichopoulos et al, 1984;Goldin et al, 1986;Goodman et al, 1988;Bernstein et al, 1990;Shimizu et al, 1990;Key et al, 1990;Probst-Hensch et al, 2000) and a few examining androgens or androgen precursors (Bulbrook et al, 1967;Wang et al, 1976;Hayward et al, 1978). However, these studies could not distinguish the role of genetic differences from the effects of an Asian lifestyle on endogenous hormone levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other reasons for inconsistencies across studies may relate to specimen collection, with samples ranging from a single urine or blood draw to multiple collections over a 24 h period. Finally, comparisons across studies are complicated by study designs in which women were not representative of the target populations (Bulbrook et al, 1967MacMahon et al, 1974MacMahon et al, , 1980Wang et al, 1976;Hayward et al, 1978;Moore et al, 1983;Trichopoulos et al, 1984;Goldin et al, 1986;Goodman et al, 1988;Shimizu et al, 1990;Key et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1970's studies of endogenous hormone levels in healthy Asian and Caucasian women have produced varied results. Most (MacMahon et al, 1974(MacMahon et al, , 1980Moore et al, 1983;Trichopoulos et al, 1984;Goldin et al, 1986;Bernstein et al, 1990;Shimizu et al, 1990;Key et al, 1990), but not all , Hayward et al, 1978Goodman et al, 1988;Porbst-Hensch, 2000) found higher oestrogens in Caucasian women. In the few studies that measured androgens (Bulbrook et al, 1967;Wang et al, 1976;Hayward et al, 1978), levels were higher in Caucasian women.…”

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confidence: 95%

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Does place of birth influence endogenous hormone levels in Asian-American women?

et al. 2002

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In 1983 -87, we conducted a population-based case -control study of breast cancer in Asian women living in California and Hawaii, in which migration history (a composite of the subject's place of birth, usual residence in Asia (urban/rural), length of time living in the West, and grandparents' place of birth) was associated with a six-fold risk gradient that paralleled the historical differences in incidence rates between the US and Asian countries. This provided the opportunity to determine whether endogenous hormones vary with migration history in Asian-American women. Plasma obtained from 316 premenopausal and 177 naturally premenopausal study controls was measured for levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estrone sulphate (E1S), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), progesterone (PROG) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Levels of the oestrogens and sex hormone-binding globulin did not differ significantly between Asian-and Western-born women, although among premenopausal women, those least westernised had the lowest levels of E1, E2, and E1S. Androgen levels, particularly DHEA, were lower in women born in the West. Among premenopausal women, age-adjusted geometric mean levels of DHEA were 16.5 and 13.8 nmol l 71 in Asian-and Western-born women respectively; in postmenopausal women these values were 11.8 and 9.2 nmol l 71 , (P50.001) respectively. Among postmenopausal women, androgens tended to be highest among the least westernised women and declined as the degree of westernisation increased. Our findings suggest that aspects of hormone metabolism play a role in population differences in breast cancer incidence.

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“…In the late 1960s and 1970s, a number of hospital-based case-control studies of the relationship between urinary and circulating estrogens and breast cancer (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)) generated enthusiasm and were followed by a wave of similar efforts (7), most notably at the Harvard School of Public Health (12,(18)(19)(20)(21). Such efforts produced inconsistent results.…”

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confidence: 99%