Endogenous estrogens and breast cancer risk: the case for prospective cohort studies.

Toniolo, Paolo

doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s3587

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…The most widely accepted is the increased circulating sex hormones that are associated with excess adiposity and which have been shown to be related to breast cancer incidence (21). Increasing adiposity, particularly abdominal adipose tissue, is an important site of estrogen production in postmenopausal women, which is a result of conversion of androstenedione to estrone in peripheral adipose tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Gain Prior to Diagnosis and Survival from Breast Cancer

Cleveland

Eng

Abrahamson

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

122

107

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Background: To examine the effects of prediagnostic obesity and weight gain throughout the life course on survival after a breast cancer diagnosis, we conducted a follow-up study among a population-based sample of women diagnosed with first, primary invasive, and in situ breast cancer between 1996 and 1997 (n = 1,508). Methods: In-person interviews were conducted shortly after diagnosis to obtain information on height and weight at each decade of life from age 20 years until 1 year before diagnosis. Patients were followed to determine all-cause (n = 196) and breast cancerspecific (n = 127) mortality through December 31, 2002. Results: In multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, obese women had increased mortality due to breast cancer compared with ideal weight women among those who were premenopausal at diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR), 2.85; 95% confidence interval (95%

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Gain Prior to Diagnosis and Survival from Breast Cancer

Cleveland

Eng

Abrahamson

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

122

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As with all cancers, the etiology of breast cancer is complex, with multiple risk factors. Lifetime exposure to estrogens is a major risk factor for breast cancer (118,119). Elevated serum estrogen levels and increased urinary excretion rates of estrone, estradiol, and estriol have been detected in breast cancer patients compared with controls (118).…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures.

Carpenter

Arcaro

Spink

2002

Environ Health Perspect

322

198

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Most research on the effects of chemicals on biologic systems is conducted on one chemical at a time. However, in the real world people are exposed to mixtures, not single chemicals. Although various substances may have totally independent actions, in many cases two substances may act at the same site in ways that can be either additive or nonadditive. Many even more complex interactions may occur if two chemicals act at different but related targets. In the extreme case there may be synergistic effects, in which case the effects of two substances together are greater than the sum of either effect alone. In reality, most persons are exposed to many chemicals, not just one or two, and therefore the effects of a chemical mixture are extremely complex and may differ for each mixture depending on the chemical composition. This complexity is a major reason why mixtures have not been well studied. In this review we attempt to illustrate some of the principles and approaches that can be used to study effects of mixtures. By the nature of the state of the science, this discussion is more a presentation of what we do not know than of what we do know about mixtures. We approach the study of mixtures at three levels, using specific examples. First, we discuss several human diseases in relation to a variety of environmental agents believed to influence the development and progression of the disease. We present results of selected cellular and animal studies in which simple mixtures have been investigated. Finally, we discuss some of the effects of mixtures at a molecular level.

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“…While it is believed that the etiology of human BC is multi-factorial, there is increasing evidence that both endogenous naturally occurring estrogens and exogenously ingested estrogenic agents play a crucial role in sporadic BC causation (Colditz et al 1995, Toniolo 1997. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that early menarche, late age at menopause, late age at first full-term pregnancy, nulliparity, absence of lactation, and postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy are associated with increased BC risk (Pike et al 1993, Colditz et al 1995, Henderson & Feigelson 2000, Mahavni & Sood 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of solely estrogen-induced mammary tumors in female aci rats by tamoxifen: evidence for estrogen receptor mediation

Li¹,

Sj²,

Tawfik³

et al. 2002

Journal of Endocrinology

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There is increasing evidence that both endogenous and exogenously ingested estrogens play a primary role in sporadic breast cancer causation. To establish further that solely estrogen-induced mammary oncogenesis in female ACI rats is an estrogen receptor (ER )-driven process, we show for the first time that concomitant treatment with the antiestrogen, tamoxifen citrate (TAMc), completely prevents the induction of 17 -estradiol (E 2 )-induced mammary gland tumors (MGTs). This finding is also supported by the reduced mammary gland (MG) lobulo-alveolar development and proliferative activity observed in TAMc+E 2 -treated animals compared with MGs from animals treated with E 2 alone. These data also correlated with a marked decrease in the number of MG cells expressing ER and progesterone receptor (PR) in immunostained MG tissue sections from TAMc+E 2 -treated animals. Additionally, a marked decline in the level of expression of ER 47, 56 and 66 kDa forms, and PR-A and PR-B was seen in TAMc+E 2 -treated MGs, compared with MGs treated solely with E 2 . Thus, both ER and PR MG profiles in TAMc+E 2 -treated rats essentially revert to their respective receptor profiles seen in untreated control and TAMc-alone-treated rats. The presence of 56 and 54 kDa isoforms in chronically E 2 -treated MGs and in MGTs respectively may contribute to fostering the enhanced E 2 -dependent growth response of both precursor and frank MGT epithelial cells. These findings are consistent with an ER /PR-mediated MG cell proliferation, a prerequisite for generating the high frequency of chromosomal instability seen in E 2 -induced ductal carcinomas in situ and primary MGTs in female ACI rats reported by us previously.

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Endogenous estrogens and breast cancer risk: the case for prospective cohort studies.

Abstract: It is generally agreed that estrogens, and possibly androgens, are important in the etiology of breast cancer, but no consensus exists as to the precise estrogenic or 587-592 (1997)

Cited by 45 publications

References 57 publications

Weight Gain Prior to Diagnosis and Survival from Breast Cancer

Weight Gain Prior to Diagnosis and Survival from Breast Cancer

Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures.

Prevention of solely estrogen-induced mammary tumors in female aci rats by tamoxifen: evidence for estrogen receptor mediation

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