Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

MacMahon, Brian

doi:10.1002/ijc.21404

Cited by 109 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Alcohol consumption is consistently associated with the risk of breast cancer (Deandrea et al ., 2008; MacMahon, 2006; Suzuki et al ., 2008). Alcohol feeding prompted mammary tumor formation (Wang et al ., 2012; Wong et al ., 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer

Zeng

Shi

et al. 2017

Molecular Oncology

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TFIIB‐related factor 1 (Brf1) modulates the transcription of RNA Pol III genes (polymerase‐dependent genes). Upregulation of Pol III genes enhances tRNA and 5S RNA production and increases the translational capacity of cells to promote cell transformation and tumor development. However, the significance of Brf1 overexpression in human breast cancer (HBC) remains to be investigated. Here, we investigate whether Brf1 expression is increased in the samples of HBC, and we explore its molecular mechanism and the significance of Brf1 expression in HBC. Two hundred and eighteen samples of HBC were collected to determine Brf1 expression by cytological and molecular biological approaches. We utilized colocalization, coimmunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation methods to explore the interaction of Brf1 with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). We determined how Brf1 and ERα modulate Pol III genes. The results indicated that Brf1 is overexpressed in most cases of HBC, which is associated with an ER‐positive status. The survival period of the cases with high Brf1 expression is significantly longer than those with low levels of Brf1 after hormone treatment. ERα mediates Brf1 expression. Brf1 and ERα are colocalized in the nucleus. These results indicate an interaction between Brf1 and ERα, which synergistically regulates the transcription of Pol III genes. Inhibition of ERα by its siRNA or tamoxifen reduces cellular levels of Brf1 and Pol III gene expression and decreases the rate of colony formation of breast cancer cells. Together, these studies demonstrate that Brf1 is a good biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBC. This interaction of Brf1 with ERα and Brf1 itself are potential therapeutic targets for this disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 80% cases of human breast cancers (HBCs) are estrogen receptor positive (ER+), and ~ 20% are ER− (estrogen receptor negative) (Deandrea et al ., 2008; MacMahon, 2006; Suzuki et al ., 2008). This finding implies that ERα may play a critical role in breast cancer development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer

Zeng

Shi

et al. 2017

Molecular Oncology

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“…25 It is unlikely that these changes in incidence are caused by substantial changes of the recognized risk factors for breast cancer related to endogenous hormones as stated by MacMahon 26 , for example, later age at first birth, nulliparity, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or postmenopausal overweight. For instance, the increased mean age at first birth for the last 3 decades 9 is too early to have an effect on the invited age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impressive time‐related influence of the Dutch screening programme on breast cancer incidence and mortality, 1975‐2006

Otten

Broeders

Fracheboud

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The aim of this study was to assess changes in the trends in breast cancer mortality and incidence from 1975 to 2006 among Dutch women, in relation to the implementation of the national breast cancer screening programme. Screening started in 1989 for women aged 50-69 and was extended to women aged 70-75 years in 1998 (attendance rate approximately >80%). A joinpoint Poisson regression analysis was used to identify significant changes in rates over time. Breast cancer mortality rates increased until 1994 (age group 35-84), but thereafter showed a marked decline of 2.3-2.8% per annum for the age groups 55-64 and 65-74 years, respectively. For the age group of 75-84 years, a decrease started in the year 2001. In women aged 45-54, an early decline in breast cancer mortality rates was noted (1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980), which is ongoing from 1992. For all ages, breast cancer incidence rates showed an increase between 1989 and 1993, mainly caused by the age group 50-69, and thereafter, a moderate increase caused by age group 70-74 years. This increase can partly be explained by the introduction of screening. The results indicate an impressive decrease in breast cancer mortality in the age group invited for breast cancer screening, starting to show quite soon after implementation. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: breast cancer screening; trends; mortality; incidence Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of death among women with cancer. In Europe, the average age-adjusted (European standard population, ESR) incidence and mortality rates were 94 and 26 per 100,000 women, respectively, in 2006. 1 In The Netherlands, these figures were much higher, with an incidence rate of 128 and a mortality rate of 30 per 100,000 women.The efficacy of mammographic screening in reduction of breast cancer mortality has been shown in randomized controlled trials. 2,3 Screening also improves outcomes for diagnosed cancers, which are detected earlier and probably treated more effectively. 4,5 If a screening program is indeed effective, breast cancer mortality in population statistics will be declining for the age groups invited for screening probably about 7-10 years after the start of the program. 6 Furthermore, breast cancer incidence rates are highly sensitive to mass screening, resulting in a transient increase in incidence and a stage shift to earlier stages, microinvasive and in situ cancers in the steady state situation. 7 This study was performed to analyze the changes in breast cancer mortality and incidence over the last 3 decades among Dutch women, taking account of the implementation of the Dutch breast cancer screening program for different age groups. Material and methods The Dutch screening programIn 1989, a breast cancer screening program was gradually implemented in The Netherlands, inviting all women aged 50-69 years (formally 49-68; women will be invited for the first time in the year that they become 50, but for evaluation, we considered the age they ha...

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“…The (relative) mean 5-year survival rate irrespective of tumor status, stage and degree of metastasis is estimated to be 81%, and relative survival rates for patients with early-stage disease are more than 90 % [2,[4][5][6][7][8]. Early menarche, childlessness, older age at first pregnancy, late menopause, hormone replacement therapies, estrogen and progestin-based ovulation inhibitors, lack of exercise, overweight and alcohol abuse are all important factors in the etiology of breast cancer [9]. Around 5-10 % of breast cancer cases are genetically determined [10].…”

Section: Health-related Quality Of Life In Metastatic and Adjuvant Brmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-related Quality of Life in Metastatic and Adjuvant Breast Cancer Patients

Wallwiener

Simoes

Sokolov

et al. 2016

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd

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Einleitung: Liegt bei einer Krebserkrankung bereits ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium vor und ist somit eine primäre Heilung nicht mehr möglich, steht die Erhaltung der Lebensqualität im Fokus. Gerade beim Mammakarzinom sind durch die verbesserten neuen Therapien auch im metastasierten Stadium noch längere stabile Verläufe möglich. Ziel dieser Studie war es deshalb, einerseits die Lebensqualität der Patientinnen durch einen Vergleich mit Daten der Gesamtbevölkerung darzustellen und andererseits Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Erhebungsinstrumenten aufzuzeigen. Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden n = 96 Brustkrebspatientinnen in metastasierter oder adjuvanter Situation hinsichtlich ihrer Lebensqualität befragt. Dabei kamen die etablierten Erhebungsinstrumente EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BR23, EQ-5D-5L und EQ-VAS zum Einsatz, wobei alle Patientinnen alle Bögen ausfüllten. Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mittels MS Excel und SPSS. Ergebnisse: Obwohl die Bögen zum gleichen Zeitpunkt ausgefüllt wurden, zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede im Belastungsniveau in Abhängigkeit zum angewandten Bogen. Beim Einsatz des EQ VAS wurde der aktuelle Gesundheitsstatus signifikant besser beurteilt als beim EORTC QLQ-C30. Insgesamt gestaltete sich die Lebensqualität der Patientinnen in allen Dimensionen als optimierungsbedürftig und war in allen Bereichen signifikant schlechter als in der Referenzbevölkerung. Schlussfolgerung: Um die Lebensqualität von metastasierten Patientinnen zu verbessern, ergibt sich die die Notwendigkeit des beständigen Therapieerfolg-Monitorings. Von Relevanz ist die Wahl des Erhebungsinstruments, da in Abhängigkeit vom Erhebungsinstrument unterschiedliche Werte ermittelt wurden.

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Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

Cited by 109 publications

References 40 publications

Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer

Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer

Impressive time‐related influence of the Dutch screening programme on breast cancer incidence and mortality, 1975‐2006

Health-related Quality of Life in Metastatic and Adjuvant Breast Cancer Patients

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