Urine exosome gene expression of cancer-testis antigens for prediction of bladder carcinoma

Caires

et al. 2020

Cancers

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.

Section: Extracellular Vesicles From Liquid Biopsies As a Source Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles

Caires

et al. 2020

Cancers

“…Interestingly, several CT antigens are also expressed in exosomes as well as the corresponding tumours. Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-B4 showed higher gene expression in urinary exosomes from bladder cancer patients than that in normal control samples [129]. Testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase C4 was upregulated in serumal exosomes from breast cancer patients [130].…”

Section: Exosomal Expression Linked To Cancer Progression: Oncogenic mentioning

confidence: 98%

Crosstalk between Stress Granules, Exosomes, Tumour Antigens, and Immune Cells: Significance for Cancer Immunity

Kothandan

Kim

et al. 2020

Vaccines

RNA granules and exosomes produced by tumour cells under various stresses in the microenvironment act as critical determinants of cell survival by promoting angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, developmental cancer/testis (CT) antigens that are normally sequestered in male germ cells of the testes, but which are overexpressed in malignant tumour cells, can function as tumour antigens triggering immune responses. As CT antigens are potential vaccine candidates for use in cancer immunotherapy, they could be targeted together with crosstalk between stress granules, exosomes, and immune cells for a synergistic effect. In this review, we describe the effects of exosomes and exosomal components presented to the recipient cells under different types of stresses on immune cells and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss their significance for cancer immunity, as well as the outlook for their future application.

“…Yazarlou et al assessed the differential expression of seven cancer testis antigens and NMP22 between EVs (exosomes) derived from the urine of patients with BC, healthy controls and patients with benign urologic disease (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia; BPH, obstructive uropathy and bladder calculi). Results revealed that MAGE-B4 was upregulated in BC patients comparing to healthy controls and exosomal NMP 22 was higher in BC samples comparing to BPH [ 44 ].…”

Section: Evs As Biomarker Carriers For Bladder Cancer Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers Carriers in Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Treatment

Georgantzoglou

Pergaris

Masaoutis

et al. 2021

IJMS

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, enriched in biomolecular cargo consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which take part in intercellular communication and play a crucial role in both physiologic functions and oncogenesis. Bladder cancer is the most common urinary malignancy and its incidence is steadily rising in developed countries. Despite the high five-year survival in patients diagnosed at early disease stage, survival substantially drops in patients with muscle-invasive or metastatic disease. Therefore, early detection of primary disease as well as recurrence is of paramount importance. The role that exosomal biomarkers could play in bladder cancer patient diagnosis and surveillance, as well as their potential therapeutic applications, has not been extensively studied in this malignancy. In the present review, we summarize all relevant data obtained so far from cell lines, animal models, and patient biofluids and tissues. Current literature suggests that urine is a rich source of extracellular vesicle-derived biomarkers, compared with blood and bladder tissue samples, with potential applications in bladder cancer management. Further studies improving sample collection procedures and optimizing purification and analytical methods should augment bladder cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic input of extracellular vesicles biomarkers in the future.