Urinary tract candidiasis in HIV+ patients and sensitivity patterns of recovered<i> Candida </i>species to antifungal drugs in Dschang District Hospital (Cameroon)

Abstract

The incidence of Candida urinary tract infections is gradually on the rise and is an important public health problem. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract candidiasis (candiduria) in HIV positive patients in Dschang District Hospital and the antifungal susceptibility test of isolates. A total of 285 patients were recruited for this study. Midstream urine samples were collected and processed using standard mycological techniques. Candida isolates were identified base on the colony color on CHROMagar. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by the broth dilution method using four commonly used antifungals. Results showed that 22% of patients had Candida spp in their urine. Candida albicans had a proportion of 37% against 63% for non-albicans Candida. Of the 53 isolates tested, ketoconazole had the highest percentage of resistance (88.6%) follow by fluconazole (64.1.6%), amphotericin B (56.6%) and nystatin (49.0%). The highest sensitivity was observed with nystatin (33.9%) while the lowest was found with ketoconazole (5.6%). In conclusion, the prevalence of candiduria among HIV positive patients in this study was 22%. Candida albicans remain the most frequently involved Candida species. Azole antifungals showed the highest resistance rate against all the Candida species isolates.

Non Detection of &lt;i&gt;Candida nivariensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Candida bracarensis&lt;/i&gt; Among &lt;i&gt;Candida glabrata&lt;/i&gt; Sensu Lato Isolates in the West Region of Cameroon

“…In many studies conducted to determine the prevalence of C. glabrata cryptic species among a total of 2560 C. glabrata sensu lato isolates in eight countries or geographical locations, failed to identify either C. nivariensis or C. bracarensis, showing that these species are rare yeast pathogens in many countries or geographical locations [11]. Similar to the findings of other studies carried out in Cameroon, C. glabrata sensu stricto remains the only cryptic species of the C. glabrata complex identified from a collection of clinical isolates [21][22][23][24][25].…”

The prevalence, risk factors and antifungal sensitivity pattern of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Kumba District Hospital, South West Region, Cameroon

“…Thus a prompt diagnosis of Candida infection in HIV patients and assessment of the immune status can have bearing on treatment of such infections and improve the general wellbeing of the PLWHA (people living with HIV/AIDS) [ 12 ]. The low absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte count has traditionally been cited as the greatest risk factor for the development of oral candidiasis and current guidelines suggest increased risk once CD4+ T lymphocyte counts fall below 200 cells/μl [ 13 ]. Also, the increased incidence of mucosal and probably deep systemic forms of candidiasis has consequently made the use of antifungal agents the best option by clinicians so as to be able to control these pathogens [ 6 , 14 ].…”

“…Some authors have further observed a noticeable shift toward non albicans species with relative resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole [ 14 ]. The species spectrum and resistance of Candida isolates to currently available antifungal drugs is therefore a highly relevant factor because it causes important implications for morbidity and mortality [ 13 , 14 ]. During the last few decades, the spectrum of infections has undergone a drastic change; organisms with minimal or no pathogenic role have emerged as potent pathogens and organisms once susceptible have become multidrug resistant as in the case of non albicans species [ 6 , 13 -15] and Up till now, no cure exists for HIV/AIDS.…”

“…The species spectrum and resistance of Candida isolates to currently available antifungal drugs is therefore a highly relevant factor because it causes important implications for morbidity and mortality [ 13 , 14 ]. During the last few decades, the spectrum of infections has undergone a drastic change; organisms with minimal or no pathogenic role have emerged as potent pathogens and organisms once susceptible have become multidrug resistant as in the case of non albicans species [ 6 , 13 -15] and Up till now, no cure exists for HIV/AIDS. It then follows that controlling opportunistic pathogens associated to this pandemic remains one surer way of managing infected individuals who have the scourge [ 14 -16].…”

Antimicrobial resistance among fungi from patients with urinary tract infections in Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria

“…The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, [14] were used to prepare BaSO4 turbidity standard (0.5 McFarland's standard). Briefly, 99.5 Ml of solution A (1%v/v H2SO4) was added to 0.5 Ml of solution B (1.17% w/v BaCl2.2H2O) with constant stirring.…”