“…In 2003, a systematic review indicated that OLK had a prevalence of 0.5 to 3.4% (Petti, 2003), with a reported malignant transformation rate that ranges from 0.13 to 17.5% (Holmstrup et al, 2006). Recently, epidemiological studies revealed that the malignant transformation rate for OLK varied enormously based on Arduino's study, ranging from 0.13% to 36.4% (Arduino et al, 2013). It has been reported that the risk factors associated with the malignant transformation of OLK included gender (Napier and Speight, 2008), long duration of OLK ( Van der Waal, 2010), and location on the tongue (Zhang et al, 2001).…”