Urban Growth Drivers and Spatial Inequalities: Europe – A Case with Geographically Sticky People

Abstract

Analysts of regional growth differences in the US tend to assume full spatial equilibrium (Glaeser et al, 1995). Flows of people thus indicate changes in the distribution of spatial welfare more effectively than differences in incomes. Research in Europe, however, shows that people tend to be immobile. Even mobility within countries is restricted compared to the US but national boundaries offer particular barriers to spatial adjustment. Thus it is less reasonable to assume full spatial equilibrium in a European context and differences in per capita incomes may persist and signal real spatial welfare differences. Furthermore, it implies that the drivers of what population movement there is, may differ from the drivers of spatial differences in productivity or output growth. This paper analyses the drivers of differential urban growth in the EU both in terms of population and output growth. The results show significant differences in the drivers as well as common ones. They also reveal the extent to which national borders still impede spatial adjustment in Europe. This has important implications for policy and may apply more generally to countries -for example China -less homogeneous than the USA.

Private Investment and the Effects of Decentralisation and Regional Competition between Mexican Cities

“…Even for PII expenditures, since its coefficient is larger in column (5), meaning that its total effect is less negative or it could become even positive. Table 8 shows the baseline results in column (1). The expenditures at the municipal level revealed negative effects over private investment, which is opposite to what should be expected, but in line with the previous results for domestic firms.…”

“…Getting statistical data for small municipalities in 1 The author recognizes that similar actions are carried out at state and federal level, yet they are out of the scope of this paper, which is narrowed to local governments Mexico is hard, and sometimes impossible, particularly for public infrastructure endowments. Moreover, most of economic activity is concentrated in big cities.…”

“…The former are not highly attractive for new FDI flows and human capital, and they could be incapable to retain the established investment and inhabitants. Successful cities are attractive for firms and people and can be also sticky places given their business environment and living conditions [1]. Within competitiveness literature, cities can be called winners or losers according to their economic performance.…”

“…Moreover, compared to 1993 by 2015 the total budget for EF&S had increased in 461%, while PII did it in 420%. Consequently, these are picked as the interest variables standing for local actions related to private investment boosting 1 . In spite of the increasing efforts and pecuniary resources spent by local governments, their effects over economic performance have not been tested yet.…”

Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Di Kota Serang, Provinsi Banten

“…Prosesnya sangat kompleks dan didorong oleh interaksi berbagai faktor (Rui, 2013). Faktor pendorong pertumbuhan kota yang dominan adalah pertumbuhan penduduk dan pertumbuhan ekonomi (Cheshire, 2009). Pertumbuhan penduduk di kota cenderung tinggi karena adanya perpindahan penduduk dari daerah perdesaan atau daerah lain masuk ke kota (Harahap, 2013).…”