Uptake, tissue distribution, and metabolism of malachite green in the channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>)

Plakas, Steven M.; Said, Kathleen R. El; Stehly, Guy R.; Gingerich, William H.; Allen, John L.

doi:10.1139/f96-061

Cited by 91 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In our study, MG content showed the maximum at 0 h in blood of all three species after waterborne exposure, and both MG and LMG declined very rapidly in the blood of all fish, with mean concentrations declining substantially below 0.15 μg ml − 1 after 24 h. Plakas et al (1996) found that plasma MG levels in channel catfish were at the limit of detection at 1 day after dosing. Previous studies in rainbow trout also indicated that, after rapid uptake, the concentration of MG in the blood declined triexponentially after dosing (Alderman and Clifton-Hadley, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Biotransformation of MG to LMG may be an important detoxification reaction in animals exposed to MG (Werth and Boiteux, 1968a,b). Roybal et al (1995) and Plakas et al (1996) suggested that LMG accumulates in fat tissue and therefore can be used as a marker residue for the identification of MG use in cultured fish. Thus, MG and LMG should be made as the actual target analyte for the monitoring of MG use in fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In aqueous solution, the chromatic form of MG combines slowly with available hydroxyl ions to produce the non-ionized and colorless carbinol form (Alderman, 1985). Under these conditions, the chromatic and carbinol forms of MG approach equilibrium at a concentration ratio of approximately 0.6:1 (Plakas et al, 1996).…”

Section: Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is readily absorbed into tissues during waterborne exposure and metabolized rapidly to the reduced and colorless form, leucomalachite green (LMG) (Plakas et al, 1996). The use of MG in fish farming is prohibited in the United States and the European Union (EU) due to its toxicological and potentially carcinogenic nature (Culp and Beland, 1996;Srivastava et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of MG residue (µg g − 1 ) on day 31 was 0.271 μg g − 1 and declined monoexponentially with a half-life of 9.7 days. Plakas et al (1996) analysed uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism of MG in channel catfish after waterborne exposure (0.8 mg l −1 for 1 h). The half-life of MG content in plasma was estimated as 4.7 h and the MG and LMG half-lives in muscle were 2.8 and 10 days, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Distribution and depuration of the potentially carcinogenic malachite green in tissues of three freshwater farmed Chinese fish with different food habits

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Distribution and depuration of the potentially carcinogenic malachite green in tissues of three freshwater farmed Chinese fish with different food habits

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Analysis of malachite green and metabolites in fish using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Doerge

Churchwell

Gehring

et al. 1998

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Malachite green (MG), a traditional agent used in aquaculture, is structurally related to other carcinogenic triphenylmethane dyes. Although MG is not approved for use in aquaculture, its low cost and high efficacy make illicit use likely. We developed sensitive and specific methods for determination of MG and its principal metabolite, leucoMG (LMG), in edible fish tissues using isotope dilution liquid chromatography atmosphere pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. MG and LMG concentrations were measured in filets from catfish treated with MG under putative use conditions (ca. 250 and 1000 ppb, respectively) and from commercial trout samples (0-3 and 0-96 ppb, respectively). Concentrations of LMG in edible fish tissues always exceeded those of MG. A rapid cone voltage switching acquisition procedure was used to simultaneously produce molecular ions for quantification and diagnostic fragment ions for confirmation of MG and metabolites. The accurate and precise agreement between diagnostic ion intensity ratios produced by LMG in authentic standards and incurred fish samples was used to unambiguously confirm the presence of LMG in edible fish tissue. This suggested the validity of using LMG as a marker residue for regulatory determination of MG misuse. Additional metabolites derived from oxidative metabolism of MG or LMG (demethylation and N-oxygenation) were identified in catfish and trout filets, including a primary arylamine which is structurally related to known carcinogens. The ability to simultaneously quantify residues of MG and LMG, and to confirm the chemical structure of a marker residue by using LC/MS, suggests that this procedure may be useful in monitoring the food supply for the unauthorized use of MG in aquaculture.

show abstract

Impact of molecular surface characteristics on the reversed-phase retention behaviour of synthetic dyes

Cserháti

Oros

1999

Biomed. Chromatogr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The lipophilicity and specific hydrophobic surface area of 42 synthetic dyes were determined on reversed‐phase alumina layers using water–methanol mixtures as eluents, and their relationship with the molecular surface characteristics was elucidated by principal component analysis followed by a two‐dimensional nonlinear map and cluster analysis. Four dyes remained on the origin in each eluent system. Except for two dyes, the majority showed regular retention behaviour with their retention decreasing steadily with increasing concentration of methanol in the mobile phase. Calculations indicated that both hydrophobicity parameters decrease with increasing polar surface area of the molecules. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

Uptake, tissue distribution, and metabolism of malachite green in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Cited by 91 publications

References 12 publications

Distribution and depuration of the potentially carcinogenic malachite green in tissues of three freshwater farmed Chinese fish with different food habits

Distribution and depuration of the potentially carcinogenic malachite green in tissues of three freshwater farmed Chinese fish with different food habits

Analysis of malachite green and metabolites in fish using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Impact of molecular surface characteristics on the reversed-phase retention behaviour of synthetic dyes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About