United states regulations for siting LNG terminals: Problems and potential

Havens, Jerry; Spicer, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.020

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These are: fire and explosion, rollover, and rapid phase transition (RPT) [11]. Other authors also mention such risks as: pool fire, jet fire, boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) [12][13], flash fire, and vapour cloud fire [14][15]. tively.…”

Section: Risks Assocaited With the Physicochemical Properties Of Lngmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Threats Involving Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – Review of Literature Sources

Bralewski

Wolanin²

2019

SFT

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Aim:The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the risks associated with the transport, storage and processing of liquefied natural gas, and to lay a foundation for developing an LNG risk assessment methodology and the related State Fire Service response procedures. The authors focused on analysing the risks associated with the physicochemical properties of LNG. The reviewed publications explored scenarios related to the operation of LNG terminals. Introduction: The construction of the LNG terminal in Świnoujście, the constantly growing global LNG industry, and the increasingly widespread use of LNG-fuelled vehicles increase the associated risks. Therefore, it is extremely important to recognise these risks. All preventive and corrective measures require a thorough knowledge of the issues they designed to address. This article is the first step towards the development of fire department procedures to manage LNG risks. It includes a summary of the main risks faced by emergency services and scenarios that could be useful for developing a methodology for LNG risk assessment. Methodology: The analysis presented in the article is based on a review of selected Polish and foreign literature. We provide a general discussion of the global LNG industry and its history, and of the physicochemical properties of liquefied gas. Furthermore, we identify the risks associated with the physicochemical properties of LNG, and discuss scenarios involving LNG risks in the supply chain, as provided in the reviewed literature. Conclusions: Based on a synthetic review of the literature, it can be concluded that the risks associated with the use of LNG have been thoroughly described in international literature. Polish publications on the subject are scarce. Awareness of LNG-related risks is crucial for the work of State Fire Service officers, as it is the basis for any preventive measures. Risk identification is the first step in the assessment. Existing literature offers few descriptions of "micro-scale" risks, involving, for instance, the use of LNG-powered vehicles. Macro-scale risks, on the other hand -those involving the transport and storage of large quantities of LNG -have been described in great detail.

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Section: Risks Assocaited With the Physicochemical Properties Of Lngmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Threats Involving Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – Review of Literature Sources

Bralewski

Wolanin²

2019

SFT

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“…Among the hazards associated with LNG, the vapour cloud fire and pool fire are considered the main hazards [15]. In this case, calculate the distance to the LFL is the key to decision making [16].…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Risk Analysis and Comparison for Onshore and Offshore LNG Terminals: The Port of Suape - Brazil Case

Ramos

Droguett

Martins

et al. 2011

Volume 2: Structures, Safety and Reliability

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In recent decades, natural gas has been gaining importance in world energy scene and established itself as an important source of energy. One of the biggest obstacles to increase the usage of natural gas is its transportation, mostly done in its liquid form, LNG -Liquefied Natural Gas, and storage. It involves the liquefaction of natural gas, transport by ship, its storage and subsequent regasification, in order to get natural gas in its original form and send it to the final destination through natural gas pipeline system. Nowadays, most terminals for receiving, storing and regasificating LNG, as well as sending-out natural gas are built onshore. These terminals, however, are normally built close to populated areas, where consuming centers can be found, creating safety risks to the population nearby. Apart from possible damages caused by its cryogenic temperatures, LNG spills are associated with hazards such as pool fires and ignition of drifting vapor clouds. Alternatively to onshore terminals, there are currently several offshore terminals projects in the world and some are already running. Today, Brazil owns two FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit) type offshore terminals, one in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro and the other in Pecém, Ceará, both contracted to PETROBRAS. The identification of the operation risks sources of LNG terminals onshore and offshore and its quantification through mathematical models can identify the most suitable terminal type for a particular location. In order to identify and compare the risks suggested by onshore and offshore LNG terminals, we have taken the example of the Suape Port and its Industrial Complex, located in Pernambuco, Brazil, which is a promising location for the installation of a LNG terminal. The present work has focused on calculating the distance to the LNG vapor cloud with the lower flammability limits (LFL), as well as thermal radiation emitted by pool fire, in case of a LNG spill from an onshore and from an offshore terminal. The calculation was made for both day and night periods, and for three types of events: operational accident, non-operational accident and worst case event, corresponding to a hole size of 0,75m, 1,5m e 5m, respectively. Even though the accidents that happen at an onshore terminal generate smaller vulnerability distances, according to the results it would not be desirable for the Suape Port, due to the location high density of industries and people working. Therefore, an offshore terminal would be more desirable, since it presents less risk to the surrounding populations, as well as for workers in this location.

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“…This phenomena was given attention by several research groups, and a general consensus for a theory on RPT was made in the early 1970s [15][16][17][18][19][20]. In later LNG safety reviews, the risk of RPT is given various attention, ranging from significant discussion [4,[21][22][23] to little more than a brief mention [24][25][26][27][28]. The peak pressure and mechanical energy has the potential to displace and damage heavy equipment [4,22,28] and cause secondary structural damage and cascading containment failures [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In later LNG safety reviews, the risk of RPT is given various attention, ranging from significant discussion [4,[21][22][23] to little more than a brief mention [24][25][26][27][28]. The peak pressure and mechanical energy has the potential to displace and damage heavy equipment [4,22,28] and cause secondary structural damage and cascading containment failures [26]. Predicting whether an LNG RPT event will occur as a consequence of a spill has proven to be difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Hydrogen Spills on Water—Risk and Consequences of Rapid Phase Transition

et al. 2021

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Liquid hydrogen (LH2) spills share many of the characteristics of liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills. LNG spills on water sometimes result in localized vapor explosions known as rapid phase transitions (RPTs), and are a concern in the LNG industry. LH2 RPT is not well understood, and its relevance to hydrogen safety is to be determined. Based on established theory from LNG research, we present a theoretical assessment of an accidental spill of a cryogen on water, including models for pool spreading, RPT triggering, and consequence quantification. The triggering model is built upon film-boiling theory, and predicts that the mechanism for RPT is a collapse of the gas film separating the two liquids (cryogen and water). The consequence model is based on thermodynamical analysis of the physical processes following a film-boiling collapse, and is able to predict peak pressure and energy yield. The models are applied both to LNG and LH2, and the results reveal that (i) an LNG pool will be larger than an LH2 pool given similar sized constant rate spills, (ii) triggering of an LH2 RPT event as a consequence of a spill on water is very unlikely or even impossible, and (iii) the consequences of a hypothetical LH2 RPT are small compared to LNG RPT. Hence, we conclude that LH2 RPT seems to be an issue of only minor concern.

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United states regulations for siting LNG terminals: Problems and potential

Cited by 24 publications

References 6 publications

Analysis of Threats Involving Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – Review of Literature Sources

Analysis of Threats Involving Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – Review of Literature Sources

Quantitative Risk Analysis and Comparison for Onshore and Offshore LNG Terminals: The Port of Suape - Brazil Case

Liquid Hydrogen Spills on Water—Risk and Consequences of Rapid Phase Transition

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