The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of particulate matter, analyze the percentage share of four particulate matter subfractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10) in TSP (total mass of particulate matter (PM)) in a typical Polish sports hall at different day periods during heating and non-heating seasons, and compare the average daily doses of respirable dust (PM4) for three groups of the sports hall users (pupils, teachers, and athletes). Gravimetric measurements of PM4 and TSP concentrations and optical measurements of the concentrations of five PM fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) were conducted for 8 hours a day, simultaneously inside and outside the hall, for 20 days each in summer and winter. During training, PM mass was concentrated mainly in coarse particles (PM2.5–100) (summer—55%, winter—35%). Without activity, the main part of PM mass was from fine particles (PM2.5, summer—59%, winter—75%). In summer, PM inside the hall originated mainly from internal sources. In winter, the fine PM concentration was affected by outdoor sources. The daily doses of PM4 for different groups of sports hall users indicate that the health exposure of sports practitioners to PM may be greater than for non-practitioners staying in the same conditions.
This study aimed to evaluate the mass concentration of size-resolved (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) particulate matter (PM) in the Wieliczka Salt Mine located in southern Poland, compare them with the concentrations of the same PM fractions in the atmospheric air, and estimate the dose of dry salt aerosol inhaled by the mine visitors. Measurements were conducted for 2 hours a day, simultaneously inside (tourist route, passage to the health resort, health resort) and outside the mine (duty-room), for three days in the summer of 2017 using DustTrak DRX devices (optical method). The highest average PM concentrations were recorded on the tourist route (54–81 µg/m3), while the lowest was in the passage to the health resort (49–62 µg/m3). At the same time, the mean outdoor PM concentrations were 14–20 µg/m3. Fine particles constituting the majority of PM mass (68–80%) in the mine originated from internal sources, while the presence of coarse particles was associated with tourist traffic. High PM deposition factors in the respiratory tract of children and adults estimated for particular mine chambers (0.58–0.70), the predominance of respirable particles in PM mass, and the high content of NaCl in PM composition indicate high health benefits for mine visitors.
Aim:The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the risks associated with the transport, storage and processing of liquefied natural gas, and to lay a foundation for developing an LNG risk assessment methodology and the related State Fire Service response procedures. The authors focused on analysing the risks associated with the physicochemical properties of LNG. The reviewed publications explored scenarios related to the operation of LNG terminals. Introduction: The construction of the LNG terminal in Świnoujście, the constantly growing global LNG industry, and the increasingly widespread use of LNG-fuelled vehicles increase the associated risks. Therefore, it is extremely important to recognise these risks. All preventive and corrective measures require a thorough knowledge of the issues they designed to address. This article is the first step towards the development of fire department procedures to manage LNG risks. It includes a summary of the main risks faced by emergency services and scenarios that could be useful for developing a methodology for LNG risk assessment. Methodology: The analysis presented in the article is based on a review of selected Polish and foreign literature. We provide a general discussion of the global LNG industry and its history, and of the physicochemical properties of liquefied gas. Furthermore, we identify the risks associated with the physicochemical properties of LNG, and discuss scenarios involving LNG risks in the supply chain, as provided in the reviewed literature. Conclusions: Based on a synthetic review of the literature, it can be concluded that the risks associated with the use of LNG have been thoroughly described in international literature. Polish publications on the subject are scarce. Awareness of LNG-related risks is crucial for the work of State Fire Service officers, as it is the basis for any preventive measures. Risk identification is the first step in the assessment. Existing literature offers few descriptions of "micro-scale" risks, involving, for instance, the use of LNG-powered vehicles. Macro-scale risks, on the other hand -those involving the transport and storage of large quantities of LNG -have been described in great detail.
An overview of the existing literature on safety factors proves that a number of variables conditioning the level of safety are extensive and very diverse. Many authors cite various determinants affecting the safety of society showing their relationship with strengthening immunity and reducing vulnerability. Accordingly, wide list of factors that can be used in research on their impact on safety is available. The author's earlier research identifies over 80 factors affecting the level of security. In the existing literature is not any scores which have attempted a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of factors in security. Due to the lack of research in this area, this article presents results of studies designed to assess the safety factors in the context of determining their hierarchy. The article presents the results of data collected in 2017 among The Main Schools of Fire Services students.
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