Uniaxial stress splitting of doubly degenerate states of tetragonal and trigonal centres in cubic crystals

Hughés, A.E.; Runciman, W. A.

doi:10.1088/0370-1328/90/3/328

Cited by 102 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Drawing upon the theory of Hughes and Runciman to correctly specify the spin-mechanical interaction, 22 the spin-Hamiltonian of the NV center's ground state electronic spin is…”

Section: Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond

et al. 2017

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KEYWORDSNitrogen-vacancy center, diamond, spin-mechanical interaction, nanomechancial sensing, NEMS 2 ABSTRACT Nanomechanical sensors and quantum nanosensors are two rapidly developing technologies that have diverse interdisciplinary applications in biological and chemical analysis and microscopy.For example, nanomechanical sensors based upon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have demonstrated chip-scale mass spectrometry capable of detecting single macromolecules, such as proteins. Quantum nanosensors based upon electron spins of negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have demonstrated diverse modes of nanometrology, including single molecule magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, we report the first step towards combining these two complementary technologies in the form of diamond nanomechanical structures containing NV centers. We establish the principles for nanomechanical sensing using such nano-spinmechanical sensors (NSMS) and assess their potential for mass spectrometry and force microscopy. We predict that NSMS are able to provide unprecedented AC force images of cellular biomechanics and to, not only detect the mass of a single macromolecule, but also image its distribution. When combined with the other nanometrology modes of the NV center, NSMS potentially offer unparalleled analytical power at the nanoscale. TEXTNanomechanical sensors based upon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a burgeoning nanotechnology with diverse microscopy and analytical applications in biology and chemistry. Two applications with particular promise are force microscopy in geometries that transcend the constraints of conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) 1-3 and on-chip mass spectrometry with single molecule sensitivity. [4][5][6] Another burgeoning nanotechnology is quantum nanosensors based upon the electron spin of the NV center in diamond. The NV center has been 3 used to locate single elementary charges, 7 to perform thermometry within living cells 8 and to realize nanoscale MRI in ambient conditions. 9-11 However, there is yet to be a nanosensing application of the NV center that exploits its susceptibility to local mechanical stress/ strain.Here, we propose that the mechanical susceptibility of the NV center's electron spin can be exploited together with the extreme mechanical properties of diamond nanomechanical structures to realize nano-spin-mechanical sensors (NSMS) that outperform the best available technology. Such NSMS will be capable of both high-sensitivity nanomechanical sensing and the quantum nanosensing of electric fields, magnetic fields and temperature. NSMS will thereby constitute the unification of two burgeoning nanotechnologies and have the potential to perform such unparalleled analytical feats as mass-spectrometry and MRI of single molecules. As the first step towards realizing NSMS, we report the complete characterization of the spin-mechanical interaction of the NV center. We use this to establish the design and operating principles of diamond NSMS and to perfor...

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“…Drawing upon the theory of Hughes and Runciman to correctly specify the spin-mechanical interaction, 22 the spin-Hamiltonian of the NV center's ground state electronic spin is…”

Section: Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond

et al. 2017

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“…(1) can be written in terms of the components of the stress tensor r ij , grouped to share the corresponding symmetry. 23 For simplicity, we consider here a stress perturbation that greatly exceeds the spin-orbit and spin-spin interaction energies, whereby the six 3 E states form two branches corresponding to orthogonal spatial orbitals E x 0 and E y 0 , and the perturbation can be expressed as a secular matrix in the…”

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confidence: 99%

Measurement of the full stress tensor in a crystal using photoluminescence from point defects: The example of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond

Grazioso

Patton

Delaney

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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“…We are not aware of any other uniaxial stress measurements on this type of transition. It would appear from this work that a trigonal E to E transition is likely to be identified initially from uniaxial stress work by default: the observed splitting pattern is inconsistent with any of the standard cases discussed by Kaplyanskii (1963a, b) and by Hughes and Runciman (1967). Even then it is likely to be difficult to sort out the spectra because of the large number of components produced and the inevitable thermalisation among the initial E state (whether absorption or luminescence studies are made).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…The stress splitting of the 593 nm line is inconsistent with any of the cases tabulated by Kaplyanskii (1963a, bj andby Hughes andRunciman (1967). A degenerate ground state is implied by the thermalisation effects ($4.1).…”

Section: The Energies Of the Stress-split Componentsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The way the stress split absorption lines have been tabulated by Kaplyanskii (1964a, b) and by Hughes and Runciman (1967) for most of the optical transitions that can occur in cubic crystals. In particular the effect of uniaxial stresses on an A to E transition at a trigonal centre has been described by Silsbee (1965) and by Hughes and Runciman (1967). The basic theory has been extended by Ludlow (1968) to include spin-orbit coupling and by Lanzl et a1 (1968) who have given a moment analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Picosecond tunable dye laser Piko-ROS-2

1989

Sov. J. Quantum Electron.

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E to E electric-dipole transitions at trigonal centres in cubic crystals are considered. Expressions for the intensities and energies of the stress-split components of the transition are tabulated for (OOl), ( l i l ) and (110) stress axes. As an example, uniaxial stress data for the 593 nm line in diamond are reported. They are shown to be consistent with an E to E (trigonal) transition, the ground E state interacting under stress with a non-degenerate state -100 cm-' above it.

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Uniaxial stress splitting of doubly degenerate states of tetragonal and trigonal centres in cubic crystals

Cited by 102 publications

References 9 publications

Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond

Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond

Measurement of the full stress tensor in a crystal using photoluminescence from point defects: The example of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond

Picosecond tunable dye laser Piko-ROS-2

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