Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX/AP-based Aluminized Explosives

Xiang, Dalin; Rong, Jili; He, Xuan; Feng, Zhiwei

doi:10.22211/cejem/68443

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Simulation of detonation of Australian‐made PBX‐115 (43/25/20/12 AP/Al/RDX/HTPB) has shown that the detonation velocity and critical diameter are sensitive to the assumed AP decomposition rate . The energy output of RDX/AP‐based aluminized explosives of various formulations can control the fracture process, increment of the energy efficiency, and improvement of the blast effects . The underwater explosion experiments were used to investigate the explosion energy released from hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and HMX based aluminized explosives .…”

Section: Non‐ideal Behavior Of Chnofcl(al/ap) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Distribution forms of energy of explosives reacting underwater can be used to evaluate explosives output performance. Initiation position, manner and Al/O ratio on characteristics of the explosives were studied for underwater detonation . For assessment of the effectiveness of explosives, the knowledge of the peak pressure of the shock wave, attenuation time constant, shock wave impulse, energy, bubble period, and energy flux density is important in the underwater detonation .…”

Section: Non‐ideal Behavior Of Chnofcl(al/ap) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Simple Approach to Assess the Performance of Non‐ideal Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Explosives as Compared to the Best Available Methods

Jafari

Keshavarz

Ebadpour

2020

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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Composite explosives containing aluminum/ammonium perchlorate (Al/AP) are widely used for blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. The available complex computer codes and empirical methods cannot usually provide a reliable estimation of detonation velocities of explosives containing Al/AP. This work introduces a reliable method for the desk calculation of detonation velocity. The percent of the reacted Al with detonation products and decomposition of AP, as well as composition of the detonation products, are specified according to the distribution of oxygen atoms between Al, C(s), CO(g) and H2(g). The values of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the new model are lower than one of the best available methods for CHNO explosives (260 experimental data) and CHNOFCl explosives (50 measured data). For composite explosives, CHNOFClAl and CHNOFClAlAP, the MAPE value of the new model is 3.50, corresponding to 55 experimental data, which is much smaller than the MAPE values of the BKW computer code (8.37) and the comparative empirical model (14.20).

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Section: Non‐ideal Behavior Of Chnofcl(al/ap) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non‐ideal Behavior Of Chnofcl(al/ap) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Approach to Assess the Performance of Non‐ideal Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Explosives as Compared to the Best Available Methods

Jafari

Keshavarz

Ebadpour

2020

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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“…Since there is a difference of energy construction between the explosion in air and in water, distribution forms of energy of explosives reacting underwater are one of the main indexes evaluating explosives output performance. Initiation position, manner, aluminum‐oxygen ratio compared with TNT, on characteristics of the explosives in the underwater explosion were studied for underwater detonation . Some theoretical researches have been done to calculate the effect of charge construction on energy transmission and comparison with experimental results as well as shock propagation rule underwater , .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initiation position, manner, aluminum‐oxygen ratio compared with TNT, on characteristics of the explosives in the underwater explosion were studied for underwater detonation . Some theoretical researches have been done to calculate the effect of charge construction on energy transmission and comparison with experimental results as well as shock propagation rule underwater , . Simulation of gas bubble expansion process of PBXW‐15 underwater and the effect of aluminum size (40 mm and 72 mm) on detonation energy have also been studied .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulation of detonation of PBXW‐115 for its mid‐scale underwater test has shown that the detonation velocity and critical diameter are sensitive to the assumed AP decomposition rate . Xiang et al investigated the energy output of RDX/AP‐based aluminized explosives of various formulations, which provide a theoretical guide for the design of RDX/AP‐based aluminized explosives by recognizing the energy release rule, controlling the break process, increasing the energy efficiency, and improving blast effects. Jiao et al performed the underwater explosion experiments to investigate the explosion energy released from hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and HMX based aluminized explosives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Simple Correlation for Assessment of the Shock Wave Energy in Underwater Detonation

Keshavarz

Bagheri

2019

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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Assessment of underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Calculation of the shock wave energy requires several expensive experimental data such as the shock wave pressure and the representative time of the process. This work introduces a simple method for reliable prediction of the shock wave energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP), which show non-ideal behavior. This method is based on the composition, loading density and the ratio of R/m 1/3 , where R is the distance between the pressure gauge and IntroductionIt is essential to develop reliable predictive methods for assessment of different properties of composite explosives before their testing due to the difficulty, danger, and expenditure of experimental methods. [1] Theoretical and semi-empirical methods help the engineers to develop suitable composition having complementary properties of performance. [2] For composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP) secondary reactions occur between detonation products and the chemical reaction zone spreads because there is the physical separation of fuel and oxidizer. Thus, they cannot be described by the steady-state detonation calculations and the partial equilibrium or consumption of a fraction of Al/ AP should be considered. [3] Modeling of non-ideal behavior is much more complicated because it requires incorporation of reaction kinetics into fluid-flow equations (e.g. Wood and Kirkwood model). Zhang and Chang [4] adjusted the parameter k in the Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state (BKW-EOS) to obtain detonation pressure and velocity for Al explosives. Several semi-empirical models have also been developed to predict the performance of ideal explosives and non-ideal explosives containing Al [5] and ammonium nitrate (AN). [3c] Underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Since there is a difference of energy construction between the explosion in air and in water, distribution forms of energy of explosives reacting underwater are one of the main indexes evaluating explosives output performance. Initiation position, manner, alu-

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A Modelling Approach for the Analysis of Underwater Explosive Performance Trials

Milne

Burn

Carr

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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We present here a coupled experimental and numerical modelling study to compare the underwater performance of different explosive charge types in simple geometries with a view to having confidence in the use of these models in the design of more complex warheads. Numerical modelling is used to predict the shock and bubble performance of underwater detonated charges and is intended to be used for comparison of the performance of different charge compositions. Model predictions are compared to experimental data from the underwater deto-nation of 1 kg cylindrical charges. It is shown that a simple 1D spherical geometry Eulerian hydrocode solution is suitable for comparison of the performance of different charge types provided that gauges are located on the radial axis of the charge and located a sufficient distance from the charge. Predictions using our chosen explosive models are shown to accurately capture the shock and bubble performance of ideal and non-ideal charges tested and the effects of charge casing so that these models can be used in more complex warhead design studies at a later date.

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Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX/AP-based Aluminized Explosives

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

A Simple Approach to Assess the Performance of Non‐ideal Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Explosives as Compared to the Best Available Methods

A Simple Approach to Assess the Performance of Non‐ideal Aluminum/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Explosives as Compared to the Best Available Methods

A Simple Correlation for Assessment of the Shock Wave Energy in Underwater Detonation

A Modelling Approach for the Analysis of Underwater Explosive Performance Trials

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