A Simple Correlation for Assessment of the Shock Wave Energy in Underwater Detonation

Abstract

Assessment of underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Calculation of the shock wave energy requires several expensive experimental data such as the shock wave pressure and the representative time of the process. This work introduces a simple method for reliable prediction of the shock wave energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP), which show non-ideal behavior. This method is based on the composition, loading density and the ratio of R/m 1/3 , where R is the distance between the pressure gauge and IntroductionIt is essential to develop reliable predictive methods for assessment of different properties of composite explosives before their testing due to the difficulty, danger, and expenditure of experimental methods. [1] Theoretical and semi-empirical methods help the engineers to develop suitable composition having complementary properties of performance. [2] For composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP) secondary reactions occur between detonation products and the chemical reaction zone spreads because there is the physical separation of fuel and oxidizer. Thus, they cannot be described by the steady-state detonation calculations and the partial equilibrium or consumption of a fraction of Al/ AP should be considered. [3] Modeling of non-ideal behavior is much more complicated because it requires incorporation of reaction kinetics into fluid-flow equations (e.g. Wood and Kirkwood model). Zhang and Chang [4] adjusted the parameter k in the Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson equation of state (BKW-EOS) to obtain detonation pressure and velocity for Al explosives. Several semi-empirical models have also been developed to predict the performance of ideal explosives and non-ideal explosives containing Al [5] and ammonium nitrate (AN). [3c] Underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Since there is a difference of energy construction between the explosion in air and in water, distribution forms of energy of explosives reacting underwater are one of the main indexes evaluating explosives output performance. Initiation position, manner, alu-

A Simple Method for Reliable Estimation of the Bubble Energy in the Underwater Explosion

“…Table shows the measured values of the bubble energy of 86 of the aluminized and ammonium perchlorate explosives. It has been recently shown that the shock wave energy of different composite explosives depends on R/m 1/3 and loading density ( ρ 0 ), where R is the distance between the pressure gauge and charge in the meter as well as m is the mass of explosive charge in kilogram . In contrast to the shock wave energy, the study has indicated that the bubble energies do not depend on R/m 1/3 and ρ 0 because the existence of two variables R/m 1/3 and ρ 0 cannot improve the coefficient of determination (R 2 ).…”

An improved correlation for reliable assessment of the detonation performance of non‐ideal explosives containing metals and the other solid particulates

“…[13a,b,15] Several works have also been reported to assess the performance of non-ideal composite explosives for the underwater explosion by shock wave energy, and bubble energy. [16] Wang et al [17] have extended the method of KÀ J to calculate the detonation performance of certain metal-containing explosives. They assumed metals can form metallic oxides where they can be deemed as inert solids that release heat other than gases.…”