Understanding Inertial Response of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines by Defined Internal Potential Vector

Shang, Lei; Hu, Jiabing; Yuan, Xiaoming; Chi, Yongning

doi:10.3390/en10010022

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…9.a. However, this method has the disadvantage of complicated tuning and fluctuations in power [79]. On the other side, the ∆f method based on the deviation in frequency has less complication in its implementation, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: A Direct Torque Control 1) Msc Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Methods for Standalone and Grid Connected Micro-Hydro Power Plants With Synthetic Inertia Frequency Support: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2020

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The penetration of renewable energy sources on a large scale in conventional electric networks increases exponentially for environmental preservation. However, the increase in RESs leads to some technical problems that include (a) fluctuations in power production, (b) less or no generation units for power balancing, (c) reduced inertia due to RESs decoupling from the conventional grid using converters. Micro-hydro power plants (MHPPs) are emerging as a mature balancing technology and a great alternative to large hydropower plants as they encounter population displacement and many environmental problems. Modern pump storage MHPPs uses a power converter between the grid and machine to control the consumption of power during pumping mode. This power electronic interface loses the ability of the rotating mass of the machine to contribute to the grid inertia by making it independent of the grid frequency. This problem is solved through the control of power converters in such a way that the inertia effect is synthesized termed as synthetic inertia. MHPPs can also be operated in a standalone mode where they are not connected to the grid. This paper reviews control schemes applied in literature for the frequency, voltage, and inertia control, in both the grid-connected and standalone modes. This study starts with the standalone MHPPs, covering the literature review and control structure for voltage and frequency control of standalone MHPPs. Then it presents a detailed operation, control principle, synthetic inertia concepts, and architecture of grid-connected MHPPs. The mathematical formulation of the grid, permanent magnet synchronous generator, synthetic inertia inclusion, and control structures, including direct torque control, virtual synchronous machine, and model predictive control, is also presented. Finally, the paper presents the concluding remarks with the comparative analysis of various control structures to include synthetic inertia, its suitability, and future scope for MHPPs.

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Section: A Direct Torque Control 1) Msc Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Methods for Standalone and Grid Connected Micro-Hydro Power Plants With Synthetic Inertia Frequency Support: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2020

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“…A gap exists in knowledge of response capability, and opportunities exist to enhance inertial response via novel control techniques. A range of DFIG wind turbine steady‐state, primary, and secondary controls are available in literature and range in complexity and performance . A selection of these and other DFIG wind turbine controllers proposed for inertial frequency response are summarized for their general qualities and performance capability in Table .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model‐based control addition to prescribe DFIG wind turbine fast frequency response

David

Prevost²,

Xavier³

et al. 2019

Wind Energy

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This paper investigates the physical capability of double-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines for inertial support of frequency response. Frequency stability is modeled using the DFIG electromechanical and generator controller dynamics, and a destabilizing effect is demonstrated in low-inertia systems. To improve response, a synchronous reference frame DFIG controller is proposed that acts by following low-frequency grid dynamics and adds a fast acting proportional plus integral (PI)-controlled frequency-responsive component to existing qd current commands. The proposed controller is derived in a straightforward manner using only the DFIG dynamic equations and is designed using pole/zero placement techniques. Laboratory experiments using a micro-scale DFIG wind turbine with hub-emulating flywheel prove better capability for transient frequency regulation even under extreme load change. The result is a DFIG controller that balances the appearance of transients in electrical and mechanical systems.Value is achieved in providing immediate continuous inertial response to support load change.The proposed frequency response can improve the use of existing physical inertia from wind turbines. KEYWORDS flywheel, frequency control, inertia, wind energy generation, wind power control, wind turbine generators 1 INTRODUCTION Decreasing inertia is one of the major obstacles to enabling very high penetration of renewable energy sources in future power systems. 1 Renewable energy resources with power electronic (PE) interface are reducing power system physical inertia and increasing susceptibility to voltage angle instability. 2,3 Wind turbines with a double-fed induction generator (DFIG) and PE back-to-back (B2B) converter are so-called ''Type-III'' machines. The power system is partially coupled to the massive rotor hub assembly by stator windings; the other portion is coupled to PE-connected rotor terminals. Wind turbines with DFIGs are a popular resource and may become the only source of electromechanical coupling between the power system and rotating mass. Their physical dynamics and control dynamics both influence their frequency response, and their characteristics are critical to stability. This paper seeks to understand the problems associated with DFIG wind turbine frequency response and aims to improve the use of their physical inertia in frequency regulation.Prior work in this field suggests that DFIGs possess sufficient capability for inertial frequency response when neglecting influence of control. 4It is now hypothesized that through the flexibility of PE control, the DFIG can be made to offer its inertia to frequency response in an innovative and more effective way. This paper goes beyond generator modeling and evaluates the frequency response of DFIG control. Linearized transfer functions are derived using the DFIG dynamic model and its respective control laws. They reveal how conventional DFIG control action degrades the response. A PI controller is then derived from the DFIG dynamic model to correct a...

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“…The speed control, which controls the rotational speed by regulating the electromagnetic torque, aims to recover the optimal speed once the frequency transient has subsided [61]. Rotational speed control is more convenient than pitch control when the rotational speed is below the maximum value [59].…”

Section: Vswt Rotor Speed Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Regulation of a Hybrid Wind–Hydro Power Plant in an Isolated Power System

2018

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Currently, some small islands with high wind potential are trying to reduce the environmental and economic impact of fossil fuels by using renewable resources. Nevertheless, the characteristics of these renewable resources negatively affect the quality of the electrical energy, causing frequency disturbances, especially in isolated systems. In this study, the combined contribution to frequency regulation of variable speed wind turbines (VSWT) and a pump storage hydropower plant (PSHP) is analyzed. Different control strategies, using the kinetic energy stored in the VSWT, are studied: inertial, proportional, and their combination. In general, the gains of the VSWT controller for interconnected systems proposed in the literature are not adequate for isolated systems. Therefore, a methodology to adjust the controllers, based on exhaustive searches, is proposed for each of the control strategies. The control strategies and methodology have been applied to a hybrid wind-hydro power plant on El Hierro Island in the Canary archipelago. At present, in this isolated power system, frequency regulation is only provided by the PSHP and diesel generators. The improvements in the quality of frequency regulation, including the VSWT contribution, have been proven based on simulating different events related to wind speed, or variations in the power demand.

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Understanding Inertial Response of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines by Defined Internal Potential Vector

Cited by 32 publications

References 41 publications

Control Methods for Standalone and Grid Connected Micro-Hydro Power Plants With Synthetic Inertia Frequency Support: A Comprehensive Review

Control Methods for Standalone and Grid Connected Micro-Hydro Power Plants With Synthetic Inertia Frequency Support: A Comprehensive Review

Model‐based control addition to prescribe DFIG wind turbine fast frequency response

Frequency Regulation of a Hybrid Wind–Hydro Power Plant in an Isolated Power System

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