Under Threat of Social Exclusion, Females Exclude More Than Males

Benenson, Joyce F.; Markovits, Henry; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Wrangham, Richard W.

doi:10.1177/0956797611402511

Cited by 54 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…40 Though we found no effects for gender in this study, this research also has interesting implications for understanding gender differences in ostracism, because women are more likely to ostracize other people if they expect to be ostracized themselves. 41 If ostracism occurs regularly in virtual environments, researchers may find a gender difference in how frequently it is employed by female versus male users.…”

Section: Future Directions For Studying Ostracism In Virtual Environmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtually Ostracized: Studying Ostracism in Immersive Virtual Environments

Kassner

Wesselmann

Law

et al. 2012

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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Electronic-based communication (such as Immersive Virtual Environments; IVEs) may offer new ways of satisfying the need for social connection, but they also provide ways this need can be thwarted. Ostracism, being ignored and excluded, is a common social experience that threatens fundamental human needs (i.e., belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence). Previous ostracism research has made use of a variety of paradigms, including minimal electronic-based interactions (e.g., Cyberball) and communication (e.g., chatrooms and Short Message Services). These paradigms, however, lack the mundane realism that many IVEs now offer. Further, IVE paradigms designed to measure ostracism may allow researchers to test more nuanced hypotheses about the effects of ostracism. We created an IVE in which ostracism could be manipulated experimentally, emulating a previously validated minimal ostracism paradigm. We found that participants who were ostracized in this IVE experienced the same negative effects demonstrated in other ostracism paradigms, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of the negative effects of ostracism in virtual environments. Though further research directly exploring these effects in online virtual environments is needed, this research suggests that individuals encountering ostracism in other virtual environments (such as massively multiplayer online role playing games; MMORPGs) may experience negative effects similar to those of being ostracized in real life. This possibility may have serious implications for individuals who are marginalized in their real life and turn to IVEs to satisfy their need for social connection.

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Section: Future Directions For Studying Ostracism In Virtual Environmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtually Ostracized: Studying Ostracism in Immersive Virtual Environments

Kassner

Wesselmann

Law

et al. 2012

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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“…For example, sextypical adaptations may affect both the socialization process of boys and girls (Low, 1989) and the emergence of sex differentiated cooperative institutions (Kenrick & Luce, 2000;Kenrick, Trost, & Sundie, 2004). In this regard, an evolved male coalitional psychology explains why across all cultures there is an overrepresentation of men in business, politics, and warfare Wood & Eagly, 2002;Whyte, 1978) and why men are more cooperative especially under conditions of intergroup threat (Bugental & Beaulieu, 2009;Van Vugt et al, 2007;Yuki & Yokota, 2009) and in repeated interactions with the same partners (Benenson et al, 2011;Geary et al, 2003). In the absence of such ancestrally relevant cues, sex differences in cooperation are less likely to appear.…”

Section: Theoretical Implications: Integrating Evolutionary and Cultumentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.

Balliet

Macfarlan

et al. 2011

Psychological Bulletin

267

232

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Although it is commonly believed that women are kinder and more cooperative than men, there is conflicting evidence for this assertion. Current theories of sex differences in social behavior suggest that it may be useful to examine in what situations men and women are likely to differ in cooperation. Here, we derive predictions from both sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives on context-specific sex differences in cooperation, and we conduct a unique meta-analytic study of 272 effect sizes-sampled across 50 years of research-on social dilemmas to examine several potential moderators. The overall average effect size is not statistically different from zero (d ϭ -0.05), suggesting that men and women do not differ in their overall amounts of cooperation. However, the association between sex and cooperation is moderated by several key features of the social context: Male-male interactions are more cooperative than female-female interactions (d ϭ 0.16), yet women cooperate more than men in mixed-sex interactions (d ϭ -0.22). In repeated interactions, men are more cooperative than women. Women were more cooperative than men in larger groups and in more recent studies, but these differences disappeared after statistically controlling for several study characteristics. We discuss these results in the context of both sociocultural and evolutionary theories of sex differences, stress the need for an integrated biosocial approach, and outline directions for future research.

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“…This preparedness for the demise of a relationship has consequences for long-term stability, and female-female relationships are often observed to be less durable in response to conflict as compared to male-male relationships (Benenson and Alavi 2004). The risks of social evaluative threat and potential for social exclusion may be higher for girls and women because friendships are more dependent on equality of the give-and-take of the relationship, are more sensitive to personal slights (e.g., being excluded from a social event), and are less tolerant of conflict than are boys' and men's friendships (Benenson et al 2011;Parker and Asher 1993;Rose and Asher 1999;Whitesell and Harter 1996). These differences emerge early in childhood and are maintained throughout the lifespan ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it was found that women were more sensitive to social cues that signaled risk of social exclusion than were men. In a related study, women had higher heart rate when reading scenarios of social exclusion, in keeping with attunement to higher risks and costs of social exclusion for women than men (Benenson et al 2011;Benenson et al 2013). In instances of the possibility of social exclusion, females form preventive exclusion alliances, demonstrating attuned social cognition to protection of important social resources (Benenson et al 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a related study, women had higher heart rate when reading scenarios of social exclusion, in keeping with attunement to higher risks and costs of social exclusion for women than men (Benenson et al 2011;Benenson et al 2013). In instances of the possibility of social exclusion, females form preventive exclusion alliances, demonstrating attuned social cognition to protection of important social resources (Benenson et al 2011). This preparedness for the demise of a relationship has consequences for long-term stability, and female-female relationships are often observed to be less durable in response to conflict as compared to male-male relationships (Benenson and Alavi 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biological Diary of a Woman: Physiological Consequences of Status and Social Evaluative Threat

Massey-Abernathy

Byrd‐Craven

Swearingen

2014

Evolutionary Psychological Science

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Sex differences in physiological responses to social threats, as well as status seeking, have been found; however, underlying individual differences are far less documented, especially in women. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of self-perceived social status in response to social evaluative threat among young women. Participants completed a self-perceived social dominance questionnaire and then underwent a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test in which they received negative feedback. Heart rate was used in order to gauge participants' physiological response. Women who rated themselves as dominant showed a reduction in heart rate from pre-task to post-task, suggesting parasympathetic activation and attunement to the social evaluative threat. Women who rated themselves as subordinate showed an increase in heart rate over the same period, suggesting sympathetic arousal and perceived threat. These findings suggest that physiological responses to social evaluative threats in women may depend on their perceived social status. The autonomic nervous system responses of dominant women may facilitate the maintenance of their social position within a hierarchy.

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Under Threat of Social Exclusion, Females Exclude More Than Males

Cited by 54 publications

References 38 publications

Virtually Ostracized: Studying Ostracism in Immersive Virtual Environments

Virtually Ostracized: Studying Ostracism in Immersive Virtual Environments

Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.

The Biological Diary of a Woman: Physiological Consequences of Status and Social Evaluative Threat

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